Editorial
Copyright ©2011 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Clin Infect Dis. Dec 30, 2011; 1(1): 4-10
Published online Dec 30, 2011. doi: 10.5495/wjcid.v1.i1.4
Table 1 Determined minimal inhibitory concentration values (μg/mL) of different statins against Candida species
Statin/speciesATOFLVLOVPRAROSSIMRef.
Candida albicans12825-1285-64> 1281288[18,21,22,29]
Candida glabrata3264-> 128128> 12812816-32[18,21,29]
Candida parapsilosisND64-128NDNDNDND[21]
Candida tropicalisND64-128NDNDNDND[21]
Cryptococcus neoformansND16-32NDNDNDND[21]
ATO: Atorvastatin; FLV: Fluvastatin; LOV: Lovastatin; PRA: Pravastatin; ROS: Rosuvastatin; SIM: Simvastatin; ND: Not determined.
Table 2 Determined minimal inhibitory concentration values (μg/mL) of different statins against filamentous fungal species
Statin/SpeciesATOFLVLOVPRAROSSIMRef.
Zygomycetes
Absidia corymbifera961> 25-3.6> 96> 96331961[19,35]
Absidia glaucaND6.25NDNDNDND[35]
Cunninghamella bertholletiaeNDND32-40NDNDND[33]
Micromucor ramannianaND> 25NDNDNDND[35]
Mortierella wolfii> 128ND> 128ND> 128> 128[34]
Mucor circinelloidesNDND5-40NDNDND[33]
Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicusND> 25NDNDNDND[35]
Mucor hiemalisND> 25NDNDNDND[35]
Mucor mucedoND6.25NDNDNDND[35]
Mucor racemosusND25NDNDNDND[35]
Mycotypha africana8ND> 128ND8> 128[34]
Paecilomyces variotii322564> 128328[29]
Rhizomucor mieheii> 966.2564-> 128> 96331> 96[19,32,35]
Rhizomucor pusillus> 963.1251-3.61> 96111331[19,32,35]
Rhizopus homothallicusNDND40-56NDNDND[33]
Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus> 96961> 96> 96> 96> 96[19]
Rhizopus oryzae32-9612-11132-128> 128> 12864-> 961[18,19,29,33,35]
Rhizopus schipperaeND> 25NDNDNDND[35]
Rhizopus stolonifer64> 12864> 128[34]
Saksenaea vasiformisND> 25NDNDNDND[35]
Syncephalastrum racemosum32-> 9633116-> 96> 9632-> 968-> 96[19,34,35]
Ascomycetes
Aspergillus flavus> 128128> 128> 128> 128> 128[18,29]
Aspergillus fumigatus64-> 256225> 128128-> 2566.25[18,29,37]
Aspergillus spp.NDND16-256NDND4-256[36]
Paecilomyces variotii322564> 128328[18]
Heterokontophyta
Pythium insidiosumND16-64NDNDNDND[38]
1MIC90 value. ATO: Atorvastatin; FLV: Fluvastatin; LOV: Lovastatin; PRA: Pravastatin; ROS: Rosuvastatin; SIM: Simvastatin; ND: Not determined.
Table 3 Revealed in vitro interactions between statins and clinically used antifungal agents against different fungi
SpeciesAntifungal agentStatinInteractionRef.
Yeasts
Candida albicansAMBATO, FLVADD[28,21]
FCZ, ITZ, KTZATOADD[29]
FCZ, ITZFLVADD, SYN, NI[21,23,29]
LOVSYN, ADD[22,29]
FCZ, ITZ, KTZ, MCZPRANI[23,29]
FCZ, KTZROSADD[29]
FCZ, ITZ, KTZSIMADD[29]
ITZ, KTZ, MCZFLV, LOVADD[29]
ITZ, MCZROSSYN, ADD[29]
MCZATO, SIMSYN, ADD[29]
PN, NYSFLV, LOV, SIMADD[18,28]
Candida glabrataAMBATO, ROSADD[18]
FCZATOSYN, ADD[29]
FCZ, ITZFLVADD, NI[21,29]
FCZLOVSYN, ADD[29]
FCZ, ITZPRANI[29]
FCZ, ITZ, KTZ, MCZROS, SIMADD[29]
ITZ, KTZ, MCZATO, FLV, ROSADD[29]
KTZ, MCZPRAADD[29]
PNATO, FLVADD[18]
LOV, SIMADD, SYN[18]
NYSLOV, ROSADD[28]
Candida parapsilosisFCZ, ITZFLVADD, SYN[21]
Candida tropicalisFCZFLVSYN[21]
ITZFLVADD, SYN[21]
Cryptococcus neoformansFCZ, ITZFLVADD, SYN[21]
AMBFLVADD[21]
Filamentous fungi-Zygomycetes
Absidia corymbiferaAMBROSADD, SYN[19]
Cunninghamella bertholletiaeVCZLOVSYN[33]
Mucor circinelloidesVCZLOVSYN[33]
Rhizomucor mieheiiAMBFLV, ROSADD, SYN[19]
Rhizopus homothallicusVCZLOVSYN[33]
Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporusAMBFLV, ROSADD, SYN[19]
Rhizopus oryzaeAMBFLV, ROSADD, SYN[19,28]
ATO, SIMADD[28]
FCZFLVNI[29]
FCZ, ITZ, MCZLOVADD[29]
ITZ, KTZATO, FLV, ROSSYN, ADD[29]
ITZ, KTZ, MCZPRANI[29]
ITZ, KTZSIMNI[29]
KTZLOVNI[29]
MCZATONI[29]
FLV, ROS, SIMADD[29]
NYSATO, FLV, LOVADD[28]
PNATOADD[18]
LOV, ROSSYN[18]
VCZLOVSYN[33]
Syncephalastrum racemosumAMBFLV, ROSADD, SYN[28]
Filamentous fungi-Ascomycetes
Aspergillus flavusAMB, PNFLVADD, SYN[18,28]
ITZATOSYN[29]
ITZ, KTZ, MCZFLVSYN, ADD[29]
ITZLOVADD[29]
ITZ, KTZPRANI[29]
ITZROSADD[29]
ITZ, MCZSIMADD[29]
KTZATO, ROSSYN, ADD[29]
SIMNI[29]
MCZATO, LOV, ROSNI[29]
PRAADD[29]
Aspergillus fumigatusAMBATO, FLVADD, SYN[28,37]
CFG, VCZFLVSYN[37]
FCZ, ITZATOSYN[29]
FCZ, ITZ, MCZFLVADD[29]
FCZLOVSYN[29]
FCZSIMSYN, ADD[29]
ITZ, KTZ, MCZLOV, SIMADD[29]
PRANI[29]
ITZROSSYN, ADD[29]
KTZ, MCZATOSYN, ADD[29]
KTZFLVSYN, ADD[29]
KTZ, MCZROSADD[29]
Paecilomyces variotiiAMBATO,SIMADD[28]
PNFLV, LOV, SIMSYN[18]
Filamentous fungi-Heterokontophyta
Pythium insidiosumTBFFLVANT[37]
ADD: Additive interaction; AMB: Amphotericin B; ANT: Antagonism; ATO: Atorvastatin; CFG: Capofungin; FCZ: Fluconazole; FLV: Fluvastatin; ITZ: Itraconazole; KTZ: Ketoconazole; LOV: Lovastatin; MCZ: Miconazole; NI: No interaction; NYS: Nystatin; PN: Primycin; PRA: Pravastatin; ROS: Rosuvastatin; SIM: Simvastatin; SYN: Synergistic interaction; TBF: Terbinafine; VCZ: Voriconazole.
Table 4 Revealed in vitro interactions between statins and non-antifungal drugs against zygomycetous fungi
SpeciesNon-antifungal drugStatinInteractionRef.
Zygomycetes
Absidia corymbiferaSURFLVSYN[35]
Absidia glaucaSURFLVANT[35]
Micromucor ramannianaSURFLVSYN[35]
Mucor circinelloides f. lusitanicusSURFLVADD, SYN[35]
Mucor racemosusSURFLVANT[35]
Mycotypha africanaPAFATO, SIMADD[34]
LOV, ROSADD, SYN[34]
Rhizomucor mieheiiSURFLVANT[35]
Rhizomucor pusillusSURFLVANT[35]
Rhizopus oryzaeSURFLVADD, SYN[35]
Rhizopus schipperaeSURFLVADD, SYN[35]
Saksanaea vasiformisSURFLVADD, SYN[35]
Syncephalastrum racemosumPAFATOADD, SYN[34]
ROS, SIMSYN[34]
SURFLVADD, SYN[35]
ADD: Additive interaction; ANT: Antagonism; ATO: Atorvastatin; FLV: Fluvastatin; LOV: Lovastatin; PAF: Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein; ROS: Rosuvastatin; SIM: Simvastatin; SUR: Suramin; SYN: Synergistic interaction.