Self-efficacy for managing hypertension and comorbid conditions

Table 1 Patient-reported chronic conditions, n (%)

Chronic conditions	Hypertension	Non-hypertension
Arthritis or rheumatism	202 (46)	160 (26)
Depression	160 (37)	197 (32)
Neuropathy	142 (32)	113 (18)
Anxiety	141 (32)	172 (28)
Diabetes or high blood sugar or sugar in your urine	138 (32)	49 (8)
Sleep disorder	135 (31)	97 (16)
Stroke or transient ischemic attack	128 (29)	63 (10)
Migraines or severe headaches	119 (27)	163 (26)
Asthma	81 (19)	100 (16)
Cancer (other than non-melanoma skin cancer)	66 (15)	58 (9)
Parkinson's disease	64 (15)	108 (18)
Osteoporosis	62 (14)	56 (9)
Chest pain (angina)	61 (14)	37 (6)
Epilepsy	54 (12)	128 (21)
Multiple sclerosis	53 (12)	126 (20)
Hardening of the arteries (coronary artery disease)	40 (9)	21 (3)
Chronic lung disease, chronic bronchitis or emphysema	33 (8)	26 (4)
Spinal cord injury	30 (7)	20 (3)
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)	30 (7)	22 (4)
Kidney disease	30 (7)	16 (3)
Heart failure or congestive heart failure	24 (5)	14 (2)
Liver disease, hepatitis, or cirrhosis	18 (4)	19 (3)
Alcohol or drug problem	16 (4)	22 (4)
Human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immune deficiency syndrome	6 (1)	4 (1)

Table 2 Demographics, n (%)

Chronic conditions	Hypertension	Non-hypertension
Education
≤ high school	102 (23)	107 (17)a
Some college +	334 (76)	509 (82)
Missing	1 (< 1)	1 (< 1)
Marital status
Married	266 (61)	356 (58)
Not married	171 (39)	260 (42)
Missing	0 (0)	1 (< 1)
Income
≤ $60000	203 (46)	260 (42)
> $60000	212 (49)	332 (54)
Missing	22 (5)	25 (4)
Employment status
Employed (full-time or part-time)	163 (37)	282 (46)b
Unemployed	274 (63)	335 (54)
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	57.8 ± 12.5	50.7 ± 15.3c
No. of comorbid conditions (mean ± SD)	5.2 ± 2.5	2.9 ± 2.0c

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001,

t-test for continuous variables (age and number of comorbid conditions), and from χ² from all others.

Table 3 Average T_clin scores in patient reported outcomes measurement information system self-efficacy for managing chronic conditions measures domains (mean ± SD)

Domains	Hypertension	Non-hypertension
SE-DA1	49.2 ± 8.87	51.1 ± 9.85
SE-EM2	50.4 ± 9.54	49.7 ± 10
SE-MT3	49.4 ± 8.82	49.8 ± 9.83
SE-SS4	50 ± 9.22	49.6 ± 9.75
SE-SX5	49.8 ± 9.14	49.9 ± 9.87

¹Managing daily activities;

²Managing emotions;

³Managing medications and treatments;

⁴Managing social interactions;

⁵Managing symptoms.

Table 4 Parameters of the revised model

Outcome	Predictor	Std. coefficient	Std. error	Z-value	P value
General Quality of life	Global physical health	0.430	0.011	4.053	< 0.001
	Global mental health	0.429	0.012	3.845	< 0.001
Global Physical Health	Self-efficacy DA1	0.637	0.114	5.662	< 0.001
	Self-efficacy EM2	0.323	0.110	3.024	< 0.01
	Self-efficacy MT3	-0.151	0.111	-1.455	0.146
	Self-efficacy SX4	-0.042	0.102	-0.399	0.690
Global Mental Health	Self-efficacy DA1	0.008	0.105	0.076	0.940
	Self-efficacy EM2	0.538	0.145	3.732	< 0.001
	Self-efficacy SS5	0.201	0.151	1.312	0.190

¹Managing daily activities;

²Managing emotions;

³Managing medications and treatments;

⁴Managing social interaction;

⁵Managing symptoms.