Bacterial load and transforming growth factor-beta: Predicting the extent of lung damage in pulmonary tuberculosis patients

doi:10.5493/wjem.120424

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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2220-315x

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Exp Med. Sep 20, 2026; 16(3): 120424
Published online Sep 20, 2026. doi: 10.5493/wjem.120424

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study subjects

Variable		n (%)
Sex	Female	16 (26.7)
Sex	Male	44 (73.3)
Age	< 60 years	42 (70.0)
Age	≥ 60 years	18 (30.0)
Body mass index	Underweight	25 (41.7)
	Normal	31 (51.7)
	Overweight	4 (6.7)
TGF-β tertile	Tertile 1	20 (33.3)
	Tertile 2	20 (33.3)
	Tertile 3	20 (33.3)
Rapid moleculer test	Low	26 (43.3)
Rapid moleculer test	Medium-high	34 (56.7)
Extent of lung lesion	Minimal	9 (15.0)
Extent of lung lesion	Moderate-extensive	51 (85.0)

TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Correlation between rapid molecular test and radiological severity, n (%)

RMT	Extent of lung lesion		P value	Unajdusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR (95%CI)
RMT	Minimal	Moderate-extensive	P value	Unajdusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR (95%CI)
Medium-high	2 (3.3)	32 (53.3)	0.032	5.895 (1.109-31.340)	5.792 (1.691-10.583)
Low	7 (11.7)	19 (31.7)
Total	9 (15)	51 (85)

RMT: Rapid molecular test; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Correlation between serum transforming growth factor-beta levels and radiological severity, n (%)

TGF-β	Extent of lung lesion		P value
TGF-β	Minimal	Moderate-extensive
Tertile 1	3 (5)	17 (28.3)	0.676
Tertile 2	2 (3.3)	18 (30)
Tertile 3	4 (6.7)	16 (26.7)
Total	9 (15)	51 (85)

TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Correlation between rapid molecular test and serum transforming growth factor-beta levels, n (%)

Rapid molecular test	TGF-β			P value
Rapid molecular test	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3
Low	9 (15)	10 (16.7)	7 (11.7)	0.622
Medium-high	11 (18.3)	10 (16.7)	13 (21.7)
Total	20 (33.3)	20 (33.3)	20 (33.3)

TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta.

Full Size Table

Citation: Kandi PN, Iskandar MH, Putrawan HA, Mubin RH, Bakri S, Kasim H, Alimuddin S, Rusman RD, Seweng A. Bacterial load and transforming growth factor-beta: Predicting the extent of lung damage in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(3): 120424
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v16/i3/120424.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.120424

Kandi PN, Iskandar MH, Putrawan HA, Mubin RH, Bakri S, Kasim H, Alimuddin S, Rusman RD, Seweng A. Bacterial load and transforming growth factor-beta: Predicting the extent of lung damage in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(3): 120424 [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.120424]

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