Role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer: An in-depth literature review

Table 1 Components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling deregulated in gastric cancer

Upregulation or function increase in gastric cancer
Wnt-1, Wnt-2, Wnt-2B, Wnt-5a, Wnt-6, Wnt-10A[47,69-75,232]
Fzd-3[78]
CTNNB1[9,88-93,96,97]
LRP6[228]
TCF7L2[98-100]
PPN[79]
CDH17[80]
EZH2[81]
HMGA1, HMGA2[210,211]
YY1[86]
TC1 (C8orf4)[201,202]
miR-17-92[161]
mir-10a[168]
has-miR-335[166]
hsa-miR-375[163]
Downregulation or function inhibition in gastric cancer
Downregulation by hypermethylation	Inactivation by miRNAs
APC[145,146]	APC[175]
sFRP1, sFRP2, sFRP4, sFRP5[78,96,149]	AXIN2[159]
WIF-1[144,149]	EZF1[78]
Dkk-1, Dkk-2, Dkk-3[59,144,148,149]	HIPK1[161]
NKD1[149]	HSulf-1[168]
Sox10, Sox17[106,107,112,149]	RUNX2[159]
HSulf-1[108]	Inactivation by phosphorylation
RUNX3[147]	GSK3β[105]
PRDM5[152,153]	Inactivation by overexpression of EZH2
RASSF10[154]	CXXC4[81]
OSR1[111,112]	Other or undefined mechanisms
Inactivation by protein mislocalization	Sox7[113]
RUNX3[147]	RACK1[109]
Inactivation by H. pylori virulence factor	ZNRF3[110]
RNF138[226,227]	CHD8[131]
Deletion or mutation	PLA2G2A[205]
APC[92,104,133-137]	has-miR-148a[165]
GSK3β[104]	miR-193b[163]
β-TrCP[142]	miR-200a[176,177]
AXIN1, AXIN2[90,91]

APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; AXIN: Axis inhibition protein; β-TrCP: β-transducin repeats-containing protein; CDH: Cadherin; CHD: Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein; CTNNB1: Cadherin-associated protein (ß-catenin); CXXC: CXXC finger protein; Dkk: Dickkopf; Fzd: Frizzled; EZF: Endothelial zinc finger; EZH2: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β; HIPK: Homeodomain interacting protein kinase; HMGA2: High-mobility group AT-hook; HSulf: Human endosulfatase; LRP: Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; NKD: Naked cuticle homolog; OSR: Odd-skipped-related; PLA2GA2: Phospholipase A2; PPN: Palmitoyltransferase porcupine; PRDM: PR domain containing; RACK: Receptor for activated C kinase; RAFFS: Ras association domain family; RNF: Ring finger protein; RUNX: Runt-related transcription factor 3; sFRP: Secreted frizzled-related protein; SOX: Sry-related HMG box; TCF7L2: Transcription factor 7-like 2; WIF: Wnt inhibitory factor; Wnt: Wingless-type; YY1: Ying Yang 1; ZNRF: Zinc and ring finger.