Endothelium-derived essential signals involved in pancreas organogenesis

Table 1 EC-derived factors related to organogenesis

Angiocrine factors	Source	Target	Ref
Notch ligands (1 and 2)	Bone marrow ECs; brain ECs	Neural progenitors and HSCs	[40,41]
VEGF	ECs	ECs and several tissues such as islets	[12,42,43]
bFGF	ECs	ECs and several tissues such as islets	[43]
PDGF	Brain capillaries	ECs	[42]
HGF	Lunga capillaries, SECs,	Lung epithelium, hepatocytes, islet beta cells	[26,31,44,45]
	islet capillaries
	Endothelins			ECs	Lung, neural cells	[46]
EG-VEGF	ECs	Endocrine glands	[32]
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Brain microvascular endothelium	Neuronal precursors,	[33]
		islet endothelium
Pigment epithelium-derived factor	Brain capillaries	Neural stem cells	[35,47]
Vessel-derived stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12)	Microvascular endothelium	Endoderm and pancreatic beta cells	[48]
Wnt2	Sinusoidal ECs	Hepatocytes	[26]
S1P	Plasma (plateles)	Pancreatic multipotent progenitor cells	[38]
CTGF	Pancreas capillaries	Pancreatic endocrine cells	[49]
Laminin	Islet capillaries	Islet endocrine cells	[50]
Collagen IV	Islet capillaries	Islet beta-cells	[51]
BMP-2	ECs/MSCs	Islet beta-cells	[52,53]
BMP-4	ECs/MSCs	Islet beta-cells; hepatocytes; cardiomyocytes	[52,53]
BMPR1A	ECs/MSCs	Islet beta-cells; hepatocytes; cardiomyocytes	[52,53]

ECs: Endothelial cells; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; VEGF: Vascular endothelial cell growth factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor.