Evaluation of short and long-term laboratory and instrumental findings in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Tuscany

Table 1 Relative risks for the main blood tests in the study population of the need for oxygen therapy or of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity < 70% during follow-up Source: Regional Health Agency Sprint data

Blood tests	Level	Raw RR				RR adjusted for age and gender								RRs adjusted for age and gender RRs adjusted for age. gender. days after discharge
		RR	Min	Max	P value	RR		Min		Max		P value		RR	Min	Max	P value
Alteration of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, Gamma-gamma-glutamyl transferase)	None
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.63	0.36	1.09	0.099	0.66		0.38		1.15		0.144		0.70	0.40	1.22	0.207
	Altered at discharge	1.61	1.09	2.39	0.017	1.61		1.07		2.42		0.021		1.55	1.03	2.32	0.034
D-Dimer	None	1.00				1.00								1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.73	0.19	2.85	0.652	0.65		0.16		2.59		0.543		0.74	0.18	3.09	0.684
	Altered at discharge	0.76	0.46	1.23	0.263	0.76		0.47		1.23		0.264		0.77	0.46	1.30	0.328
Hematocrit	None	1.00				1.00								1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.92	0.53	1.57	0.751	0.76		0.46		1.28		0.305		0.77	0.52	1.12	0.169
	Altered at discharge	0.55	0.37	0.83	0.005	0.46		0.30		0.68		0.000		0.47	0.33	0.67	0.000
Hemoglobin	None	1.00				1.00								1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	1.13	0.71	1.79	0.610	0.84		0.53		1.33		0.464		0.86	0.56	1.33	0.505
	Altered at discharge	0.73	0.50	1.07	0.108	0.58		0.39		0.86		0.007		0.60	0.41	0.89	0.011
Ferritin	None	1.00				1.00								1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization
	Altered at discharge	1.12	0.65	1.92	0.689	1.09		0.64		1.85		0.765		0.99	0.58	1.70	0.979
Glomerular filtration rate	None	1.00				1.00								1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.83	0.45	1.54	0.563	0.52		0.28		0.98		0.043		0.45	0.25	0.82	0.009
	Altered at discharge	1.30	0.76	2.20	0.339	0.84		0.50		1.43		0.531		0.75	0.48	1.18	0.213
White globules	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	1.12	0.68	1.82	0.661		0.96		0.60		1.56		0.884	0.91	0.58	1.42	0.674
	Altered at discharge	1.01	0.53	1.91	0.984		0.98		0.53		1.84		0.960	0.92	0.52	1.65	0.789
Red cells	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.97	0.58	1.62	0.904		0.83		0.50		1.35		0.451	0.85	0.53	1.35	0.484
	Altered at discharge	0.76	0.52	1.12	0.168		0.59		0.40		0.87		0.008	0.59	0.41	0.87	0.007
Lymphocytes	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.62	0.33	1.17	0.143		0.55		0.30		1.02		0.058	0.57	0.31	1.05	0.070
	Altered at discharge	0.87	0.49	1.54	0.635		0.55		0.31		0.97		0.037	0.56	0.32	0.99	0.045
Monocytes	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	1.05	0.61	1.79	0.871		1.04		0.61		1.77		0.883	1.05	0.62	1.79	0.850
	Altered at discharge	1.75	0.93	3.32	0.085		1.53		0.82		2.86		0.180	1.69	0.89	3.21	0.109
Neutrophils	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.97	0.55	1.69	0.907		0.83		0.49		1.43		0.507	0.81	0.48	1.39	0.451
	Altered at discharge	0.75	0.41	1.38	0.351		0.50		0.27		0.92		0.026	0.42	0.23	0.77	0.004
Platelets	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	0.70	0.39	1.26	0.237		0.63		0.36		1.12		0.118	0.64	0.36	1.13	0.126
	Altered at discharge	0.74	0.34	1.57	0.429		0.69		0.33		1.43		0.317	0.73	0.36	1.50	0.392
Protein C reactive	None	1.00					1.00							1.00
	1 or more impaired during hospitalization	2.05	0.50	8.43	0.319		1.56		0.39		6.18		0.529	1.53	0.39	6.09	0.544
	Altered at discharge	3.44	0.88	13.50	0.077		2.58		0.68		9.78		0.164	2.31	0.61	8.79	0.219

Max: Maximum; Min: Minimum; RR: Relative risk.

Table 2 Mean value and SD of forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ratio at all follow-up time points Source: Regional Health Agency Sprint data

Time elapsed between follow-up and discharge date (days)	FEV1			FVC			FEV1/FVC ratio
	Patients (n)	Average value	SD	Patients (n)	Average value	SD	Patients (n)	Average value	SD
0-59	3			2			2
60-119	283	98.4	15.8	279	97.9	16.1	280	78.8	7.5
120-179	144	97.9	16.2	141	96.9	17.4	137	78.8	8.3
180-239	160	94.8	19.9	159	95.5	19.1	158	76.5	9.7
240-299	31	99.0	16.1	31	95.4	17.9	28	79.2	7.4
300+	93	96.4	17.7	91	90.7	19.2	88	81.7	6.5
	Test Anova P value: 0.242			Test Anova P value: 0.017			Test Anova P value: 0.001

FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: Forced vital capacity.

Table 3 Relative risks in the study population of the need for oxygen therapy or of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity < 0.70 at follow-up Source: Regional Health Agency Sprint data

Variable	Level	Raw RR				RR adjusted for age and gender				RRs adjusted for age and gender RRs adjusted for age, gender, days after discharge
		RR	Min	Mx	P value	RR	Min	Mx	P value	RR	Min	Mx	P value
Class of age	18-49	1.00				1.00				1.00
	50-59	1.22	0.66	2.27	0.521	1.18	0.63	2.18	0.606	1.17	0.63	2.16	0.617
	60-69	1.45	0.80	2.63	0.218	1.40	0.77	2.54	0.269	1.43	0.79	2.59	0.234
	70-79	2.95	1.71	5.10	0.000	2.93	1.70	5.07	0.000	2.81	1.63	4.85	0.000
	80+	3.61	1.99	6.54	0.000	3.60	1.99	6.52	0.000	3.25	1.81	5.84	0.000
Gender	Male	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Female	0.84	0.62	1.12	0.234	0.77	0.57	1.03	0.078	0.82	0.62	1.09	0.165
Chronic illnesses	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	1.17	0.88	1.54	0.282	0.93	0.70	1.24	0.629	1.00	0.76	1.31	0.983
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	2.19	1.35	3.55	0.001	1.62	0.99	2.64	0.053	1.46	0.92	2.32	0.109
Cardiovascular diseases	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	1.24	0.77	1.98	0.376	0.97	0.61	1.54	0.890	0.97	0.61	1.55	0.914
Diabetes	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	1.22	0.82	1.81	0.322	1.13	0.76	1.67	0.545	1.13	0.76	1.66	0.552
Hypertension	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	0.91	0.63	1.32	0.620	0.80	0.56	1.15	0.227	0.87	0.61	1.25	0.456
Neurological diseases	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	0.62	0.09	4.06	0.616	0.36	0.05	2.38	0.289	0.45	0.07	3.03	0.412
Tumors	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Yes	1.47	0.74	2.89	0.270	1.35	0.70	2.59	0.371	1.36	0.71	2.63	0.355
Smoking	No	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Ex smoker	0.59	0.32	1.10	0.099	0.55	0.30	1.01	0.054	0.56	0.33	0.95	0.033
	Smoker	0.52	0.28	0.97	0.039	0.58	0.32	1.06	0.074	0.61	0.35	1.07	0.087
Days to discharge	< 90	1.00				1.00				1.00
	90-179	0.42	0.29	0.61	0.000	0.52	0.37	0.74	0.000	0.52	0.37	0.74	0.000
	180-269	0.26	0.18	0.39	0.000	0.31	0.22	0.46	0.000	0.31	0.22	0.46	0.000
	270-359	0.26	0.14	0.51	0.000	0.33	0.18	0.63	0.001	0.33	0.18	0.63	0.001
	360+	0.16	0.07	0.40	0.000	0.21	0.08	0.51	0.001	0.21	0.08	0.51	0.001
Body mass index	Normal weight/underweight	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Overweight	0.38	0.22	0.63	0.000	0.38	0.23	0.64	0.000	0.38	0.24	0.62	0.000
	Obese	0.85	0.54	1.36	0.512	1.02	0.64	1.63	0.922	0.93	0.63	1.37	0.714

Min: Minimum; Mx: Maximum; RR: Relative risks.