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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Crit Care Med. Dec 9, 2023; 12(5): 264-285
Published online Dec 9, 2023. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v12.i5.264
Published online Dec 9, 2023. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v12.i5.264
Prevalence (95%CI, %) | 95% prediction interval | N Studies | N Participants | H (95%CI) | I² (95%CI) | P heterogeneity | P difference subtypes | |
Study design | < 0.001 | |||||||
Cohort | 21.6 (15.5-28.4) | (2.6-51.8) | 12 | 95334 | 19.6 (18.4-21) | 99.7 (99.7-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Cross-sectional | 8.8 (7.7-9.8) | (0-30.6) | 236 | 1276343 | 20.7 (20.4-21) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Sampling | 0.554 | |||||||
Non probabilistic | 9.1 (8.1-10.2) | (0.1-29.9) | 225 | 1228039 | 19.7 (19.5-20) | 99.7 (99.7-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Probabilistic | 10.5 (6.4-15.5) | (0-45.1) | 26 | 146353 | 24.4 (23.5-25.4) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Timing of samples collection | 0.936 | |||||||
Prospectively | 9.2 (8.1-10.5) | (0-32.1) | 205 | 942978 | 19.3 (19-19.6) | 99.7 (99.7-99.7) | < 0.001 | |
Retrospectively | 9.2 (6.9-11.8) | (0-31.2) | 43 | 428329 | 26.6 (25.9-27.3) | 99.9 (99.9-99.9) | < 0.001 | |
Countries | < 0.001 | |||||||
Angola | 4.9 (0.6-13.2) | (0-100) | 3 | 3008 | 7.8 (5.8-10.4) | 98.3 (97-99.1) | < 0.001 | |
Burkina Faso | 7.6 (5.6-9.9) | (1.6-17.5) | 10 | 55644 | 6 (5.1-7.1) | 97.2 (96.2-98) | < 0.001 | |
Cameroon | 6.6 (5.4-7.9) | (2.5-12.3) | 13 | 55429 | 5.5 (4.7-6.4) | 96.7 (95.5-97.5) | < 0.001 | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 3 (2-4) | (0.5-7.3) | 6 | 21268 | 3.8 (2.9-5.1) | 93.2 (87.9-96.2) | < 0.001 | |
Ethiopia | 5.6 (3.1-8.8) | (0-25.1) | 18 | 25412 | 9.2 (8.4-10.1) | 98.8 (98.6-99) | < 0.001 | |
Ghana | 3.4 (0.4-9) | (0-46.7) | 4 | 4736 | 6.7 (5.2-8.8) | 97.8 (96.3-98.7) | < 0.001 | |
Ivory Coast | 13 (12.1-13.8) | (10.2-16) | 9 | 74677 | 2.9 (2.2-3.8) | 88.3 (80-93.2) | < 0.001 | |
Kenya | 14.4 (10.4-18.8) | (1.8-36) | 14 | 51495 | 13.2 (12.2-14.3) | 99.4 (99.3-99.5) | < 0.001 | |
Malawi | 18.7 (14.2-23.8) | (3.9-41.2) | 12 | 130923 | 17.6 (16.4-18.9) | 99.7 (99.6-99.7) | < 0.001 | |
Nigeria | 6.1 (5-7.3) | (0.4-17.2) | 57 | 84396 | 6.6 (6.2-7) | 97.7 (97.4-98) | < 0.001 | |
Republic of the Congo | 5 (4.1-6) | (2.3-8.7) | 7 | 12841 | 2.4 (1.7-3.4) | 82.8 (66-91.3) | < 0.001 | |
Rwanda | 14.5 (6.9-24.2) | (0-70.4) | 4 | 28796 | 18.4 (16.1-21) | 99.7 (99.6-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Senegal | 0.7 (0.5-0.9) | (0-4.5) | 3 | 23529 | 1.6 (1-3.1) | 62.9 (0-89.4) | 0.068 | |
South Africa | 29.9 (26.7-33.2) | (16.7-45.1) | 18 | 134840 | 10 (9.2-10.9) | 99 (98.8-99.2) | < 0.001 | |
Sudan | 1 (0.4-1.7) | (0-3.2) | 4 | 1296 | 1.1 (1-2.7) | 12.2 (0-86.6) | 0.332 | |
Tanzania | 7.3 (5.9-8.8) | (1.9-15.8) | 21 | 157211 | 10 (9.3-10.9) | 99 (98.8-99.2) | < 0.001 | |
Uganda | 11.4 (6.9-16.8) | (0.2-35) | 8 | 50585 | 14.6 (13.2-16.2) | 99.5 (99.4-99.6) | < 0.001 | |
Zambia | 18.6 (14.7-22.8) | (6.3-35.3) | 8 | 326966 | 20.3 (18.7-22) | 99.8 (99.7-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Zimbabwe | 25.7 (16.4-36.3) | (0.7-68.5) | 10 | 33198 | 17.6 (16.3-19.1) | 99.7 (99.6-99.7) | < 0.001 | |
WHO Region | < 0.001 | |||||||
Africa | 9.5 (8.4-10.6) | (0-31.3) | 244 | 1366377 | 20.8 (20.5-21.1) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Eastern Mediterranean | 1.4 (0.6-2.4) | (0-5.7) | 6 | 7651 | 2.1 (1.4-3.2) | 78.3 (52.3-90.2) | < 0.001 | |
UN Regions | < 0.001 | |||||||
Eastern Africa | 11.7 (10.2-13.2) | (1.2-30.3) | 99 | 813901 | 20.1 (19.7-20.5) | 99.8 (99.7-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Middle Africa | 4.8 (4-5.8) | (0.9-11.5) | 33 | 101346 | 6.6 (6-7.1) | 97.7 (97.3-98) | < 0.001 | |
Northern Africa | 0.7 (0.3-1.3) | (0-2.8) | 5 | 4328 | 1.4 (1-2.3) | 46.4 (0-80.4) | 0.113 | |
Southern Africa | 29.4 (26.5-32.4) | (16.5-44.2) | 21 | 136338 | 9.3 (8.6-10.1) | 98.8 (98.6-99) | < 0.001 | |
Western Africa | 6.2 (5.2-7.3) | (0.2-19.2) | 92 | 317532 | 11.5 (11.2-11.9) | 99.3 (99.2-99.3) | < 0.001 | |
Sustainable Development Goal regions | < 0.001 | |||||||
Northern Africa and Western Asia | 0.7 (0.3-1.3) | (0-2.8) | 5 | 4328 | 1.4 (1-2.3) | 46.4 (0-80.4) | 0.113 | |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 9.5 (8.5-10.6) | (0-31.4) | 246 | 1370064 | 20.7 (20.4-21) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
World Bank Income Groups | < 0.001 | |||||||
Low-income countries | 8.4 (6.9-10.1) | (0-28.5) | 81 | 712218 | 23.3 (22.8-23.9) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Lower-middle-income countries | 8.1 (7.2-9.1) | (0.5-23.2) | 147 | 521930 | 12.7 (12.4-13) | 99.4 (99.3-99.4) | < 0.001 | |
Upper-middle-income countries | 24 (19.9-28.3) | (6.9-47.2) | 22 | 139297 | 14.8 (13.9-15.7) | 99.5 (99.5-99.6) | < 0.001 | |
Study period | 0.255 | |||||||
(1987-2001) | 9.9 (8.1-11.8) | (0.4-29) | 62 | 238301 | 14.7 (14.2-15.3) | 99.5 (99.5-99.6) | < 0.001 | |
(2001-2016) | 8 (6.8-9.4) | (0-27.7) | 128 | 919743 | 21.7 (21.3-22.1) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
(2016-2020) | 9.5 (5.9-13.8) | (0-41.9) | 30 | 189325 | 26.6 (25.8-27.5) | 99.9 (99.8-99.9) | < 0.001 | |
Parity | 0.69 | |||||||
Multiparous | 6.5 (4.5-8.8) | (0.9-16.1) | 10 | 18015 | 4.6 (3.8-5.5) | 95.2 (92.9-96.8) | < 0.001 | |
Nulliparous | 6.7 (4-10) | (0.1-21.1) | 9 | 14035 | 5.3 (4.4-6.4) | 96.5 (94.9-97.6) | < 0.001 | |
Primiparous | 5 (2.8-7.8) | (0-16.6) | 9 | 8581 | 4 (3.2-5) | 93.8 (90.3-96) | < 0.001 | |
Gravidity | 0.276 | |||||||
Multigravidae | 9.2 (5.5-13.7) | (0-35.1) | 17 | 53860 | 14.2 (13.2-15.2) | 99.5 (99.4-99.6) | < 0.001 | |
Primigravidae | 6.5 (4.2-9.2) | (0-21) | 16 | 22946 | 6.6 (5.9-7.5) | 97.7 (97.1-98.2) | < 0.001 | |
Gestational age | 0.902 | |||||||
First trimester | 7.3 (3.5-12.2) | (0-32.7) | 17 | 6164 | 4.1 (3.5-4.8) | 94 (91.8-95.6) | < 0.001 | |
Second trimester | 9.6 (5.2-15) | (0-40.7) | 18 | 15874 | 7.8 (7.1-8.6) | 98.4 (98-98.7) | < 0.001 | |
Third trimester | 8.7 (5.2-13.1) | (0-39.4) | 27 | 16897 | 8.5 (7.8-9.2) | 98.6 (98.4-98.8) | < 0.001 | |
Residence | 0.789 | |||||||
Rural | 8.1 (5.8-10.6) | (0-29.9) | 43 | 103272 | 13.5 (12.9-14.1) | 99.5 (99.4-99.5) | < 0.001 | |
Urban | 8.5 (7-10.2) | (1.6-20.2) | 32 | 92657 | 8.5 (7.9-9.1) | 98.6 (98.4-98.8) | < 0.001 | |
Education | 0.804 | |||||||
None | 5.8 (3.8-8.2) | (0-18) | 18 | 29175 | 6 (5.3-6.8) | 97.2 (96.5-97.8) | < 0.001 | |
Primary | 6.6 (4.1-9.6) | (0-24.6) | 21 | 26835 | 7.9 (7.2-8.7) | 98.4 (98.1-98.7) | < 0.001 | |
Secondary | 7.3 (5.4-9.6) | (0.8-19.1) | 20 | 13337 | 4.1 (3.5-4.7) | 94 (92-95.5) | < 0.001 | |
Tertiary | 6.2 (4.3-8.5) | (0.3-17.6) | 18 | 4744 | 2.8 (2.3-3.3) | 86.8 (80.6-91) | < 0.001 | |
Type of HIV | < 0.001 | |||||||
HIV-1 | 8.2 (6.6-10) | (0.2-25.7) | 58 | 279778 | 15.9 (15.4-16.5) | 99.6 (99.6-99.6) | < 0.001 | |
HIV-2 | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | (0-5.2) | 16 | 143453 | 9.7 (8.8-10.6) | 98.9 (98.7-99.1) | < 0.001 | |
Sample size | 0.097 | |||||||
< 100 | 19.5 (7-36.1) | (0-82.2) | 6 | 425 | 3.8 (2.9-5.1) | 93.2 (87.9-96.2) | < 0.001 | |
≥ 100 | 9.1 (8.1-10.2) | (0-30.8) | 242 | 1371252 | 21 (20.7-21.3) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Risk of bias | 0.205 | |||||||
Low risk of bias | 8.8 (7.5-10.2) | (0-31) | 146 | 1159206 | 25.3 (24.9-25.6) | 99.8 (99.8-99.8) | < 0.001 | |
Moderate risk of bias | 10 (8.6-11.5) | (0.6-28.5) | 102 | 212471 | 10.6 (10.3-11) | 99.1 (99.1-99.2) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kenmoe S, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Tchatchouang S, Robertine LF, Takuissu GR, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Bowo-Ngandji A, Kenfack-Momo R, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Menkem EZ, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Esemu SN, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Ndip L, Njouom R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus serological markers among pregnant women in Africa, 1984-2020. World J Crit Care Med 2023; 12(5): 264-285
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v12/i5/264.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v12.i5.264