Meta-Analysis
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Crit Care Med. Dec 9, 2023; 12(5): 264-285
Published online Dec 9, 2023. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v12.i5.264
Table 1 Summary of meta-analysis results for human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among pregnant African women from 1984 to 2020

Prevalence (95%CI, %)
95% prediction interval
N Studies
N Participants
H (95%CI)
I² (95%CI)
P heterogeneity
P difference subtypes
Study design< 0.001
Cohort21.6 (15.5-28.4)(2.6-51.8)129533419.6 (18.4-21)99.7 (99.7-99.8)< 0.001
Cross-sectional8.8 (7.7-9.8)(0-30.6)236127634320.7 (20.4-21)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
Sampling0.554
Non probabilistic9.1 (8.1-10.2)(0.1-29.9)225122803919.7 (19.5-20)99.7 (99.7-99.8)< 0.001
Probabilistic10.5 (6.4-15.5)(0-45.1)2614635324.4 (23.5-25.4)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
Timing of samples collection0.936
Prospectively9.2 (8.1-10.5)(0-32.1)20594297819.3 (19-19.6)99.7 (99.7-99.7)< 0.001
Retrospectively9.2 (6.9-11.8)(0-31.2)4342832926.6 (25.9-27.3)99.9 (99.9-99.9)< 0.001
Countries< 0.001
Angola4.9 (0.6-13.2)(0-100)330087.8 (5.8-10.4)98.3 (97-99.1)< 0.001
Burkina Faso7.6 (5.6-9.9)(1.6-17.5)10556446 (5.1-7.1)97.2 (96.2-98)< 0.001
Cameroon6.6 (5.4-7.9)(2.5-12.3)13554295.5 (4.7-6.4)96.7 (95.5-97.5)< 0.001
Democratic Republic of the Congo3 (2-4)(0.5-7.3)6212683.8 (2.9-5.1)93.2 (87.9-96.2)< 0.001
Ethiopia5.6 (3.1-8.8)(0-25.1)18254129.2 (8.4-10.1)98.8 (98.6-99)< 0.001
Ghana3.4 (0.4-9)(0-46.7)447366.7 (5.2-8.8)97.8 (96.3-98.7)< 0.001
Ivory Coast13 (12.1-13.8)(10.2-16)9746772.9 (2.2-3.8)88.3 (80-93.2)< 0.001
Kenya14.4 (10.4-18.8)(1.8-36)145149513.2 (12.2-14.3)99.4 (99.3-99.5)< 0.001
Malawi18.7 (14.2-23.8)(3.9-41.2)1213092317.6 (16.4-18.9)99.7 (99.6-99.7)< 0.001
Nigeria6.1 (5-7.3)(0.4-17.2)57843966.6 (6.2-7)97.7 (97.4-98)< 0.001
Republic of the Congo5 (4.1-6)(2.3-8.7)7128412.4 (1.7-3.4)82.8 (66-91.3)< 0.001
Rwanda14.5 (6.9-24.2)(0-70.4)42879618.4 (16.1-21)99.7 (99.6-99.8)< 0.001
Senegal0.7 (0.5-0.9)(0-4.5)3235291.6 (1-3.1)62.9 (0-89.4)0.068
South Africa29.9 (26.7-33.2)(16.7-45.1)1813484010 (9.2-10.9)99 (98.8-99.2)< 0.001
Sudan1 (0.4-1.7)(0-3.2)412961.1 (1-2.7)12.2 (0-86.6)0.332
Tanzania7.3 (5.9-8.8)(1.9-15.8)2115721110 (9.3-10.9)99 (98.8-99.2)< 0.001
Uganda11.4 (6.9-16.8)(0.2-35)85058514.6 (13.2-16.2)99.5 (99.4-99.6)< 0.001
Zambia18.6 (14.7-22.8)(6.3-35.3)832696620.3 (18.7-22)99.8 (99.7-99.8)< 0.001
Zimbabwe25.7 (16.4-36.3)(0.7-68.5)103319817.6 (16.3-19.1)99.7 (99.6-99.7)< 0.001
WHO Region< 0.001
Africa9.5 (8.4-10.6)(0-31.3)244136637720.8 (20.5-21.1)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
Eastern Mediterranean1.4 (0.6-2.4)(0-5.7)676512.1 (1.4-3.2)78.3 (52.3-90.2)< 0.001
UN Regions< 0.001
Eastern Africa11.7 (10.2-13.2)(1.2-30.3)9981390120.1 (19.7-20.5)99.8 (99.7-99.8)< 0.001
Middle Africa4.8 (4-5.8)(0.9-11.5)331013466.6 (6-7.1)97.7 (97.3-98)< 0.001
Northern Africa0.7 (0.3-1.3)(0-2.8)543281.4 (1-2.3)46.4 (0-80.4)0.113
Southern Africa29.4 (26.5-32.4)(16.5-44.2)211363389.3 (8.6-10.1)98.8 (98.6-99)< 0.001
Western Africa6.2 (5.2-7.3)(0.2-19.2)9231753211.5 (11.2-11.9)99.3 (99.2-99.3)< 0.001
Sustainable Development Goal regions< 0.001
Northern Africa and Western Asia0.7 (0.3-1.3)(0-2.8)543281.4 (1-2.3)46.4 (0-80.4)0.113
Sub-Saharan Africa9.5 (8.5-10.6)(0-31.4)246137006420.7 (20.4-21)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
World Bank Income Groups< 0.001
Low-income countries8.4 (6.9-10.1)(0-28.5)8171221823.3 (22.8-23.9)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
Lower-middle-income countries8.1 (7.2-9.1)(0.5-23.2)14752193012.7 (12.4-13)99.4 (99.3-99.4)< 0.001
Upper-middle-income countries24 (19.9-28.3)(6.9-47.2)2213929714.8 (13.9-15.7)99.5 (99.5-99.6)< 0.001
Study period0.255
(1987-2001)9.9 (8.1-11.8)(0.4-29)6223830114.7 (14.2-15.3)99.5 (99.5-99.6)< 0.001
(2001-2016)8 (6.8-9.4)(0-27.7)12891974321.7 (21.3-22.1)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
(2016-2020)9.5 (5.9-13.8)(0-41.9)3018932526.6 (25.8-27.5)99.9 (99.8-99.9)< 0.001
Parity0.69
Multiparous6.5 (4.5-8.8)(0.9-16.1)10180154.6 (3.8-5.5)95.2 (92.9-96.8)< 0.001
Nulliparous6.7 (4-10)(0.1-21.1)9140355.3 (4.4-6.4)96.5 (94.9-97.6)< 0.001
Primiparous5 (2.8-7.8)(0-16.6)985814 (3.2-5)93.8 (90.3-96)< 0.001
Gravidity0.276
Multigravidae9.2 (5.5-13.7)(0-35.1)175386014.2 (13.2-15.2)99.5 (99.4-99.6)< 0.001
Primigravidae6.5 (4.2-9.2)(0-21)16229466.6 (5.9-7.5)97.7 (97.1-98.2)< 0.001
Gestational age0.902
First trimester7.3 (3.5-12.2)(0-32.7)1761644.1 (3.5-4.8)94 (91.8-95.6)< 0.001
Second trimester9.6 (5.2-15)(0-40.7)18158747.8 (7.1-8.6)98.4 (98-98.7)< 0.001
Third trimester8.7 (5.2-13.1)(0-39.4)27168978.5 (7.8-9.2)98.6 (98.4-98.8)< 0.001
Residence0.789
Rural8.1 (5.8-10.6)(0-29.9)4310327213.5 (12.9-14.1)99.5 (99.4-99.5)< 0.001
Urban8.5 (7-10.2)(1.6-20.2)32926578.5 (7.9-9.1)98.6 (98.4-98.8)< 0.001
Education0.804
None5.8 (3.8-8.2)(0-18)18291756 (5.3-6.8)97.2 (96.5-97.8)< 0.001
Primary6.6 (4.1-9.6)(0-24.6)21268357.9 (7.2-8.7)98.4 (98.1-98.7)< 0.001
Secondary7.3 (5.4-9.6)(0.8-19.1)20133374.1 (3.5-4.7)94 (92-95.5)< 0.001
Tertiary6.2 (4.3-8.5)(0.3-17.6)1847442.8 (2.3-3.3)86.8 (80.6-91)< 0.001
Type of HIV< 0.001
HIV-18.2 (6.6-10)(0.2-25.7)5827977815.9 (15.4-16.5)99.6 (99.6-99.6)< 0.001
HIV-21.2 (0.7-1.9)(0-5.2)161434539.7 (8.8-10.6)98.9 (98.7-99.1)< 0.001
Sample size0.097
< 10019.5 (7-36.1)(0-82.2)64253.8 (2.9-5.1)93.2 (87.9-96.2)< 0.001
≥ 1009.1 (8.1-10.2)(0-30.8)242137125221 (20.7-21.3)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
Risk of bias0.205
Low risk of bias8.8 (7.5-10.2)(0-31)146115920625.3 (24.9-25.6)99.8 (99.8-99.8)< 0.001
Moderate risk of bias10 (8.6-11.5)(0.6-28.5)10221247110.6 (10.3-11)99.1 (99.1-99.2)< 0.001

  • Citation: Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kenmoe S, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Tchatchouang S, Robertine LF, Takuissu GR, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Bowo-Ngandji A, Kenfack-Momo R, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Menkem EZ, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Esemu SN, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Ndip L, Njouom R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus serological markers among pregnant women in Africa, 1984-2020. World J Crit Care Med 2023; 12(5): 264-285
  • URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v12/i5/264.htm
  • DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v12.i5.264