Intensive care unit hospitalizations and outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 during summer and fall surges in Georgia

Table 1 Sociodemographic, comorbidity, clinical, and outcome differences between surge 1 and surge 2 of Intensive care unit hospitalizations for coronavirus disease-19 Respiratory Failure at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia

Variables	Surge 1 (Summer 2020)	Surge 2 (Fall 2020)	Difference (95%CI)	P value
Total – n (%)	125	95
Age, median (IQR)	61.5 (51-69)	61 (51.5-71)	0.5	0.34
< 55 yr	41 (32.8)	30 (31.6)	-1.2 (-3.8, 6.5)	0.39
55–64 yr	38 (30.4)	25 (26.3)	-4.1 (-6.2, -2.3)	0.04
65–74 yr	27 (21.6)	27 (28.4)	6.8 (4.5, 10.3)	0.04
> 75 yr	19 (15.2)	13 (13.7)	-1.5 (-5.5, 2.5)	0.19
Race
Non-Hispanic Black	86 (68.8)	61 (64.2)	-4.6 (-10.7, 1.1)	0.1
Non-Hispanic White	22 (17.6)	17 (17.9)	0.3 (-1.7, 2.5)	0.18
Hispanic	10 (8)	8 (8.4)	0.4 (-1.6, 2.4)	0.26
Others1	7 (5.6)	8 (8.4)	2.8 (0.9, 4.9)	0.09
Gender
Female	46 (36.8)	39 (41.1)	4.3 (1.2, 7.5)	< 0.01
Male	79 (63.2)	56 (58.9)	-4.3 (-2.4, -6.2)	< 0.01
Health insurance
Medicaid only	7 (5.6)	5 (5.3)	-0.3 (-2.3, 1.5)	0.41
Medicare only	20 (16)	15 (15.8)	-0.2 (-1.8, 1.3)	0.12
Medicaid/Medicare	25 (20)	22 (23.2)	3.2 (1.0, 5.8)	0.05
Private insurance/Self pay	38 (30.4)	35 (36.8)	6.4 (1.5, 13.3)	0.02
Uninsured	35 (28)	18 (18.9)	-9.1 (- 6.4, -12.5)	0.04
Comorbid diseases
Asthma	13 (10.4)	9 (9.5)	-0.9 (-4.8, 2.8)	0.22
Coronary artery disease	20 (16)	12 (12.6)	-3.4 (-8.5, 1.7)	0.11
Cancer (solid organ tumors)	12 (9.6)	6 (6.3)	-3.3 (- 8.2, 1.9)	0.18
Congestive heart failure	29 (23.2)	20 (21.1)	-2.1 (- 6.6, 2.1)	0.4
Chronic kidney disease 3 and above	17 (13.6)	16 (16.8)	3.2 (1.6, 5.1)	0.02
Chronic liver disease	10 (8)	9 (9.5)	1.5 (0.8, 2.47)	0.13
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	22 (17.6)	12 (12.6)	-5.0 (-10.1, -5.6)	0.04
Cerebrovascular accident	21 (16.8)	11 (11.6)	-5.2 (-10.3, -5.8)	0.02
Diabetes mellitus	62 (49.6)	41 (43.2)	-6.4 (-3.1, -9.8)	< 0.01
HIV/AIDS	4 (3.2)	8 (8.4)	5.2 (2.7, 8.2)	< 0.01
Hypertension	85 (68)	67 (70.5)	2.5 (1.3, 4.9)	< 0.01
Obstructive sleep apnea	14 (11.2)	6 (6.3)	-4.9 (-1.9, 8.8)	< 0.01
Body mass index
< 30 kg/m2	37 (29.6)	29 (30.5)	0.9 (0.4, 1.4)	0.078
≥ 30 kg/m2 to < 35 kg/m2	48 (38.4)	40 (42.1)	3.7 (1.6, 5.9)	< 0.01
≥ 35 kg/m2	40 (32)	26 (27.4)	-4.6 (-1.3, 8.7)	< 0.01
Tobacco use (current smoker)	51 (40.8)	45 (47.4)	6.6 (3.2, 11.8)	< 0.01
No of comorbidities
None	12 (9.6)	16 (16.8)	7.2 (2.8, 13.9)	< 0.01
1	8 (6.4)	5 (5.3)	-1.1 (-3.4, 1.1)	0.46
> 1	105 (84)	78 (82.1)	-1.9 (-5.1, 1.3)	0.37
Treatment received in the ICU
Hydroxychloroquine	6 (4.8)	0 (0)	-4.8 (- 2.5, -7.6)	0.03
Azithromycin	25 (20)	14 (14.7)	-5.3 (- 3.1, -7.9)	0.04
Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin	36 (28.8)	0 (0)	-28.8 (-19.4, 41.1)	< 0.01
Remdesivir	44 (35.2)	42 (44.2)	9.0 (3.4, 10.2)	< 0.01
Dexamethasone	0	22 (23.2)	23.2 (18.3, 29.1)	< 0.01
Length of stay, median (IQR) (range), d

¹American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. Differences calculated as surge 2 – surge 1. Negative values represent decrease in surge 2. Null value = 0. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: Intensive care unit; IQR: Interquartile range.