Modulation of monocyte subsets in infectious diseases

Table 1 Major marker of monocyte subsets

Markers	Classical monocytes	Intermediatemonocytes	Nonclassical-monocytes	Ref.
CD14	++	++	+	[1]
CD16	-	+	+	[1]
CD86	+	++	++	[17]
CD64	++	+	+	[17]
HLA-AB	+	++	+	[21]
HLA-DR	+	++	+	[21,25]
CCR1	++	+	-	[21]
CCR2	++	-	-	[15,20,21]
CCR5	+	++	-	[15,20,21]
CXCR1	++	-	-	[21]
CXCR2	++	-	-	[15,21]
CX3CR1	++	+	-	[15,20]
CD62L	++	-	-	[20,21]

++: High; +: Median; -: Low.

Table 2 Functional characteristics of monocyte subsets

Functions	Classicalmonocytes	Intermediatemonocytes	Nonclassical-monocytes	Ref.
Phagocytosis	++	++	+	[25]
MHC II processing	+	++	+	[25]
Antigen presentation	+	++	+	[25]
CD4+ T cell proliferation	+	++	+	[25]
Transendothelial migration	-	-	++	[15]
Patrolling endothelium	-	-	++	[24]
Virus sensing	-	-	++	[24]
TNF production	+	-	++	[24]
IL-1β production	+	++	++	[24]
CCL2 production	++	-	-	[24]
IL-10 production	++	-	-	[24]

++: High; +: Median; -: Low. IL: Interleukin.