Off-label-use of sulfur-hexafluoride in voiding urosonography for diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in children: A survey on adverse events

Table 1 Description of adverse events reported after 531 voiding urosonography in children

Adverse event	Severity	Total (n, %)	Age (range)	Gender (f/m, n)	Duration	Onset
Urinary tract infection	Minor/moderate	3 (0.6%)	1 mo-6.2 yr	f (2), m (1)	24-72 h	Subacute
Perineal erythema	Minor	5 (0.9%)	1 mo-2.4 yr	f (4), m (1)	< 24 h	Subacute
			21 mo		24-48 h	Subacute
Discomfort due to catheterization	Minor	5 (0.9%)	2 mo-5.8 yr	f (4), m (1)	< 24 h	Subacute
Symptoms of a common cold	Minor	4 (0.7%)	1.3-4.5 yr	f (3), m (1)	< 24 h	Subacute
Hints for hypersensitivity
Perineal urticaria	Minor	3 (0.5%)	6 mo-3.8 yr	f (2), m (1)	< 24 h	Subacute
Isolated, mild fever	Minor	2 (0.4%)	2-6.2 yr	f (2)	< 24 h	Subacute

Table 2 Overview of studies reporting a safety profile for intravesical use of sulfur hexafluoride in voiding urosonography

Ref.	Total	gender (f/m)	Age (range)	+ VCUG	Adverse events	Severity
Ascenti et al[15]	80	44/36	3 mo-5 yr	Yes	None	None
Papadopoulou et al[9]	228	105/123	6 d-13 yr	Yes	None	None
Kis et al[13]	183	89/94	2 d-44 mo	Yes	None	None
Ključevšek et al[20]	66	31/35	5 d-1 yr	Yes	None	None
Duran et al[14]	295	153/154	13 d-18 yr	No	None	None
Papadopoulou et al[17]	1010	563/447	15 d-17.6 yr	No	37	Minor
Present study	531	478/53	1 mo-25.2 yr	No	20	Minor
					2	Moderate

VCUG: Voiding cystourethrography.