Cutting-edge technologies for diagnosis and monitoring of snoring in children

Table 1 Parameters most commonly recorded in a polysomnography study

Pulse oximetry

Airflow from nasal canula thermistor and/or X-flow (AASM recommends RIP technology)

Snoring

End-tidal CO2

Esophageal pressure and other methods for monitoring respiratory effort

ECG/heart rate or heart rate variability

Arterial tonometry

Electroencephalography

EOG

Actigraphy

Body position

Chin EMG

Limb EMG

Additional channels, e.g., for CPAP/BiPap levels, pH, etc.

AASM: American academy of sleep medicine; RIP: Routing information protocol; ECG: Electrocardiograph; EOG: Electro-oculogram; EMG: Electromyography; CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure.

Table 2 Potential biomarkers of obstructive sleep apnea and/or its comorbidities in children

Non-genetic	Genetic
8-isoprostane	CRP 1444C/T
Adiponectin	CRP 1919A/T
APOEe4	IL-6-174C/IL-6 597A
Catecholamines	NOS1 and NOS3 16SNPs
Catestatin	EDN2 and EDN3 5 SNPs
CRP	MIF gene SNP rs10433310
IL-6	NADPH oxidase (NOX) rs6520785 and rs4673
HOMA	ApoE rs405509
MRP8/14
TNF-α
Urinary neurotransmitters

CRP: C-reactive protein; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.