Hirschsprung’s disease: Historical notes and pathological diagnosis on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Harald Hirschsprung’s death

Table 1 Differential diagnosis of chronic pseudo-obstruction of the child and young adult

Organic colorectal diseases
Pseudotumors (e.g., rectocele)
Neoplasms (both benign and malignant epithelial and mesenchymal)
Strictures (postinflammatory, postischemic, posttransplant, etc.)
	Apostinflammatory (e.g., Crohn’s disease)
	Postischemic (e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis)
	Graft vs host disease
	Others
Dysmetabolism
Severe hypothyroidism
Calcium imbalance (hypercalcemia)
Potassium imbalance (hypokalemia)
Diabetes mellitus (autonomic neuropathy)
Autonomic Enteric Neuro-Myopathies
Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis
Amyloidosis or familial mediterranean Fever
Sarcoidosis
Central nervous system - pathologies
Cerebral palsy
Spinal cord injury
Demyelinizating disease in youth (e.g., multiple sclerosis)
Iatrogenic Chronic Pseudo-Obstruction (drugs-related)
	Anticholinergics, antidepressants (especially tricyclic antidepressants), antipsychotics, calcium-channel blockers, aluminum (antacids), narcotics and narcotic-related drugs

Drugs-related chronic pseudo-obstruction may have different and multiple etiologies and accidental intoxication should also be taken into account.