Screen time exposure, sleep alterations, and their relationship with excess weight in children and adolescents

doi:10.5409/wjcp.124664

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2026; 15(4): 124664
Published online Dec 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.124664

Table 1 Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the cohort, n (%)

	Total cohort, n = 70	Normal weight, n = 26	Obesity, n = 44	P value
Age (years)	10.8 (3.3)	10.9 (3.7)	10.7 (3.0)	0.6¹
Sex				0.8²
Female	35 (50)	14 (54)	21 (48)
Male	35 (50)	12 (46)	23 (52)
Weight (kg)	60.6 (25.1)	47.5 (23.8)	68.4 (22.7)	< 0.001¹
Height (cm)	148.7 (19.6)	147.2 (24.3)	149.6 (16.5)	0.92¹
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 (6.5)	20.1 (4.8)	29.5 (4.5)	< 0.001¹
BMI (SDS)	2.2 (1.8)	0.2 (1.0)	3.3 (0.9)	< 0.001¹
VFA	92.5 (58.0)	44.9 (40.1)	119.1 (48.9)	< 0.001¹
Body fat percentage (%)	33.0 (12.1)	20.4 (9.7)	40.0 (6.0)	< 0.001¹
Family history of DM				0.027²
No	27 (43)	13 (65)	14 (33)
Yes	36 (57)	7 (35)	29 (67)
Paternal educational level				0.056²
No formal education or incomplete primary school	2 (3.8)	0 (0)	2 (6.5)
Primary or secondary	33 (62)	11 (50)	22 (71)
University degree	18 (34)	11 (50)	7 (23)
Maternal educational level				0.006²
No formal education or incomplete primary school	2 (3.4)	0 (0)	2 (6.2)
Primary or secondary	38 (66)	13 (50)	25 (78)
University degree	18 (31)	13 (50)	5 (16)

¹P value determined by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.

²P value determined by the χ² test.

VFA: Visceral fat area; DM: Diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; SDS: Standard Deviation Score.

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Table 2 Biochemical and metabolic profiles by study group, n (%)

	Total cohort, n = 70	Normal weight, n = 26	Obesity, n = 44	P value¹
Mean SBP (mmHg)	118.4 (15.8)	111.8 (12.3)	122.1 (16.4)	0.009
Mean DBP (mmHg)	66.4 (7.7)	64.3 (6.0)	67.5 (8.3)	0.14
SBP percentile	74.7 (25.6)	64.7 (26.7)	80.2 (23.6)	0.008
DBP percentile	62.3 (20.9)	57.2 (20.0)	65.0 (21.1)	0.10
SBP (SDS)	1.2 (1.4)	0.6 (1.1)	1.5 (1.4)	0.006
DBP (SDS)	0.4 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.10
TSH (μU/mL)	2.4 (1.1)	2.5 (0.9)	2.3 (1.1)	0.2
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	145.4 (34.2)	153.4 (33.3)	141.3 (34.4)	0.3
HDL-C (mg/dL)	46.7 (9.9)	53.0 (9.4)	43.8 (8.8)	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	88.2 (25.8)	90.2 (24.8)	87.3 (26.4)	0.7
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	77.3 (43.2)	74.3 (34.5)	78.9 (47.3)	0.8
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	88.0 (7.2)	86.8 (7.5)	88.6 (7.1)	0.3
Fasting insulin (μU/dL)	12.7 (9.0)	9.7 (7.3)	14.1 (9.4)	0.035
HOMA-IR	2.8 (2.0)	2.1 (1.7)	3.1 (2.1)	0.024
HbA1c (%)	5.3 (0.3)	5.3 (0.3)	5.3 (0.2)	0.9
GOT (U/L)	27.4 (12.0)	30.9 (14.9)	25.7 (10.1)	0.2
GPT (U/L)	22.2 (11.5)	18.6 (7.5)	24.0 (12.9)	0.069
GGT (U/L)	15.6 (11.1)	13.2 (2.7)	16.7 (13.2)	0.5
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.3 (1.3)	4.8 (1.4)	5.5 (1.3)	0.13
Cortisol	10.5 (3.6)	12.2 (3.0)	10.2 (3.7)	0.2

¹P value determined by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.

HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1C; GOT: Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT: Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Lifestyle exposure parameters (diet, physical activity, and electronic screen time) and sleep quality disturbances, n (%)

	Total cohort, n = 70	Normal weight, n = 26	Obesity, n = 44	P value
KIDMED score categories				0.029²
Very low quality	20 (28.6)	5 (19.2)	15 (34.1)
Needs improvement	40 (57.1)	20 (77)	20 (45.4)
Optimal	10 (14.3)	1 (3.8)	9 (20.5)
Physical activity level				0.021²
Low	36 (51.4)	8 (30.8)	28 (63.6)
Moderate	16 (22.9)	6 (23.1)	10 (22.7)
High	14 (20)	9 (34.6)	5 (11.4)
Vigorous	3 (4.3)	2 (7.7)	1 (2.3)
Very vigorous	1 (1.4)	1 (3.8)	0 (0)
K-P total score	4.9 (2.6)	6.0 (2.3)	4.0 (2.6)	0.004¹
Screen time hours (K-P)	2.6 (1.5)	2.1 (1.4)	2.9 (1.5)	0.047¹
Sports hours (K-P)	2.9 (3.4)	4.1 (4.1)	2.0 (2.3)	0.011¹
Mean sleep duration (hours)	8.7 (1.3)	9.1 (1.5)	8.4 (1.0)	0.021¹
Presence of chronic sleep disturbances (> 1 year)				0.016²
No	41 (75)	22 (92)	19 (61)
Yes	14 (25)	2 (8.3)	12 (39)

¹P value determined by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.

²P value determined by the χ² test.

K-P: Krece-Plus.

Full Size Table

Citation: Nso-Roca AP, Cartanyà-Hueso À, Pastor-Fajardo MT, Sánchez-Ferrer F, Delgado-Saborit JM. Screen time exposure, sleep alterations, and their relationship with excess weight in children and adolescents. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(4): 124664
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i4/124664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.124664

Nso-Roca AP, Cartanyà-Hueso À, Pastor-Fajardo MT, Sánchez-Ferrer F, Delgado-Saborit JM. Screen time exposure, sleep alterations, and their relationship with excess weight in children and adolescents. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(4): 124664 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.124664]

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