Auxological and pubertal outcomes of children with Kawasaki disease: Experience from Chandigarh, India

doi:10.5409/wjcp.122376

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2026; 15(4): 122376
Published online Dec 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.122376

Table 1 Gender differences and inter-group comparison of anthropometric variables in male and female children with Kawasaki disease and healthy controls

Anthropometric parameters	Males					Females					Gender differences Z (P value)
	KD		Healthy control		Inter-group differences	KD		Healthy control		Inter-group differences	Gender differences Z (P value)
	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	Z (P value)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	Z (P value)	KD	Controls
Height (cm)	150.25 ± 18.84	145.9 (135.95-167.60)	146.72 ± 15.70	142.90 (132.80-161.90)	0.71 (0.47)	143.78 ± 14.50	145.70 (131.3-157.00)	143.03 ± 8.29	146.90 (136.10-148.60)	0.26 (0.79)	1.18 (0.24)	0.55 (0.58)
HAZ	0.41 ± 1.04	0.59 (0.00-1.01)	-0.04 ± 0.81	-0.15 (-0.60 to 0.27)	2.50 (< 0.01^a)	0.11 ± 0.95	0.39 (-0.78 to 0.92)	-0.03 ± 0.92	0.03 (-0.71 to 0.64)	0.50 (0.61)	0.98 (0.32)	0.48 (0.63)
Weight (kg)	43.98 ± 19.76	41.80 (27.40-57.42)	39.36 ± 14.57	34.20 (26.90-50.20)	0.69 (0.48)	38.94 ± 12.88	36.60 (30.00-49.80)	40.28 ± 13.61	35.00 (29.20-57.40)	0.19 (0.84)	0.32 (0.75)	0.45 (0.65)
WAZ	0.23 ± 1.09	0.03 (-0.54 to 1.06)	-0.12 ± 0.89	0.00 (-0.73-0.26)	1.15 (0.24)	0.15 ± 1.11	0.001 (-0.63 to 1.10)	0.26 ± 1.28	0.51 (-1.00 to 1.43)	0.19 (0.84)	0.22 (0.81)	1.07 (0.28)
BMI (kg/m²)	18.60 ± 4.85	17.64 (14.57-21.74)	17.55 ± 3.59	17.14 (14.85-20.39)	0.71 (0.47)	18.33 ± 3.65	18.80 (14.65-20.31)	19.42 ± 5.38	17.24 (14.70-24.90)	0.61 (0.54)	0.13 (0.90)	1.19 (0.23)
BMI (Z-score)	0.03 ± 1.22	-0.09 (-1.03 to 1.10)	-0.18 ± 0.99	-0.04 (-0.86 to 0.45)	0.76 (0.44)	0.14 ± 1.13	-0.05 (-0.63 to 1.28)	0.31 ± 1.44	0.27 (-1.22 to 2.09)	0.46 (0.64)	0.36 (0.71)	1.27 (0.20)
Triceps skinfold thickness (Z-score)	0.01 ± 0.94	-0.76 (-0.69 to 0.91)	0.02 ± 1.05	0.009 (-0.75 to 0.98)	0.18 (0.85)	0.21 ± 1.28	0.36 (-0.67 to 1.38)	-0.24 ± 1.15	-0.42 (-1.00 to 0.54)	1.12 (0.26)	0.75 (0.45)	0.95 (0.34)
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	11.73 ± 5.47	9.80 (7.45-17.00)	12.12 ± 5.66	11.00 (7.2-18)	0.20 (0.84)	15.57 ± 6.95	14.20 (10.60-23.00)	12.98 ± 5.77	11.2 (8.4-19.00)	1.04 (0.29)	1.77 (0.07)	0.81 (0.41)
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm)	10.83 ± 6.66	8.20 (6.30-15.35)	10.81 ± 6.83	8.4 (5.6-14.00)	0.17 (0.86)	15.28 ± 8.38	12.20 (7.40-23.60)	12.71 ± 8.27	9.4 (7.4-15.00)	0.83 (0.45)	1.83 (0.06)	1.25 (0.21)
Waist circumference (cm)	65.32 ± 13.86	62.65 (53.38-75.57)	63.04 ± 10.84	60.00 (54-71.70)	0.36 (0.71)	62.61 ± 8.32	60.60 (57.20-69.00)	60.01 ± 8.37	57.45 (54.88-63.50)	1.08 (0.27)	0.28 (0.77)	0.68 (0.49)
Waist circumference (Z-score)	-1.2 ± 1.62	-1.56 (-2.63 to 0.21)	-1.40 ± 1.47	-0.38 (-2.64 to -0.51)	0.24 (0.80)	-1.38 ± 1.32	-1.15 (-2.58 to -0.37)	-1.87 ± 1.58	-2.01 (-3.18 to -0.81)	1.04 (0.29)	0.16 (0.87)	0.94 (0.34)
Hip circumference (cm)	74.95 ± 13.99	74.80 (62.62-83.62)	70.54 ± 10.72	67.25 (63.12-78.00)	1.24 (0.21)	77.88 ± 13.23	79.00 (68.30-89.00)	73.82 ± 11.01	71.00 (65.97-80.25)	0.95 (0.33)	0.81 (0.41)	1.23 (0.21)
Waist-hip ratio	0.87 ± 0.06	0.87 (0.82-0.90)	0.88 ± 0.05	0.88 (0.84-0.93)	0.94 (0.34)	0.81 ± 0.06	0.82 (0.76-0.85)	0.81 ± 0.05	0.82 (0.78-0.85)	0.03 (0.97)	2.57 (< 0.01^a)	3.60 (< 0.001^b)

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001.

HAZ: Height-for age Z-score; WAZ: Weight-for-age Z-score; BMI: Body mass index; KD: Kawasaki disease.

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Table 2 Mean age (years) of emergence of pubic and axillary hair in female children with Kawasaki disease and healthy controls

	n (%)		χ² (P value)	KD (Females)		Healthy control		Mann-Whitney U
	KD (females)	Healthy control	χ² (P value)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	Z (P value)
Pubic hair (present)	10 (66.7)	16 (84.2)	1.434 (0.231)	13.2 ± 2.73	12.5 (11.1-15.2)	12.57 ± 2.92	11.9 (10.2-14.7)	0.74 (0.46)
Pubic hair (absent)	5 (33.3)	3 (15.8)	1.434 (0.231)	8.58 ± 0.54	8.8 (8.0-9.0)	8.50 ± 0.79	8.9 (7.6-9.0)	0.30 (0.76)
Axillary hair (present)	9 (60)	14 (73.7)	0.717 (0.397)	13.24 ± 2.89	12.1 (10.7-15.9)	12.73 ± 2.92	11.9 (10.6-15.4)	0.57 (0.57)
Axillary hair (absent)	6 (40)	5 (26.3)	0.717 (0.397)	9.30 ± 1.83	8.9 (8.0-10.0)	9.70 ± 2.57	8.9 (7.8-12.0)	0.00 (1.00)

KD: Kawasaki disease.

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Table 3 Mean age (years) of emergence of pubic and axillary hair in male children with Kawasaki disease and healthy controls

	n (%)		χ² (P value)	KD (males)		Healthy control		Mann-Whitney U
	KD (males)	Healthy control	χ² (P value)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	Z (P value)
Pubic hair (present)	22 (68.8)	26 (74.3)	0.252 (0.616)	12.98 ± 3.08	13.3 (9.72-15.2)	12.42 ± 2.67	11.95 (10.1-14.2)	0.83 (0.41)
Pubic hair (absent)	10 (31.3)	9 (25.7)	0.252 (0.616)	9.64 ± 1.19	9.7 (8.5-10.9)	9.59 ± 1.59	9.0 (8.2-11.3)	0.20 (0.83)
Axillary hair (present)	15 (46.9)	13 (37.1)	0.651 (0.420)	14.80 ± 1.65	14.9 (13.2-15.9)	13.91 ± 2.82	14.2 (12.0-16.0)	0.81 (0.42)
Axillary hair (absent)	17 (53.1)	22 (62.9)	0.651 (0.420)	9.40 ± 1.07	9.0 (8.4-10.2)	10.37 ± 1.60	10.1 (8.9-11.8)	1.95 (0.05)

KD: Kawasaki disease.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Mean age (years) of attainment of breast development stage in Kawasaki disease girls and genitalia stage in Kawasaki disease boys

	n (%)		χ² (P value)	KD		Control		Mann-Whitney U
	KD	Control	χ² (P value)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	Z (P value)
Breast stage
B1	5 (33.3)	2 (10.5)	4.36 (0.35)	8.6 ± 0.54	8.83 (8.00-9.04)	8.2 ± 0.94	8.25 (5.68-10.97)	0.78 (0.43)
B2	1 (6.7)	5 (26.3)		10.0 ± 0.00		9.2 ± 0.84	9.0 (8.50-10.00)	0.94 (0.34)
B3	4 (26.7)	7 (36.8)		12.4 ± 1.90	12.50 (10.52-14.16)	12.5 ± 1.48	12.00 (1.33-14.00)	0.18 (0.85)
B4	2 (50)	2 (10.5)		13.7 ± 0.35	11.75 (8.62-12.02)	13.3 ± 0.76	12.29 (8.81-12.45)	0.77 (0.44)
B5	3 (20)	3 (15.8)		16.3 ± 2.20	17.16 (13.83-18.00)	17.3 ± 0.63	17.00 (16.83-18.00)	0.00 (1.00)
Genitalia stage
G1	8 (25)	7 (20)	7.80 (0.09)	9.38 ± 1.29	9.12 (8.12-10.81)	9.63 ± 1.63	9.00 (8.41-11.66)	0.46 (0.64)
G2	9 (28.1)	17 (48.6)		9.42 ± 0.91	9.00 (8.62-10.16)	10.77 ± 1.35	10.91 (10.00-11.87)	2.35 (0.02^a)
G3	0 (0)	3 (8.6)				11.25 ± 2.81	12.75 (8.00-13.00)
G4	4 (12.5)	3 (8.6)		13.81 ± 1.24	13.87 (12.62-14.93)	14.83 ± 1.60	15.50 (13.00-16.00)	1.24 (0.21)
G5	11 (34.4)	5 (14.3)		15.16 ± 1.68	15.08 (13.33-16.00)	16.10 ± 1.87	16.00 (14.25-18.00)	1.13 (0.25)

^aP < 0.05.

KD: Kawasaki disease.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Comparison of skinfold thickness, waist circumference and lipid profile of Kawasaki disease patients with and without coronary artery aneurysm

Variables	KD with coronary artery aneurysm (n = 13)		KD without coronary artery aneurysm (n = 34)		Mann-Whitney U
Variables	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	mean ± SD	Median (interquartile rage)	Z (P value)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	121.0 ± 24.9	116.5 (103.7-134.2)	141.8 ± 29.1	143.0 (118.0-157.0)	2.23 (0.03^a)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	89.6 ± 30.9	83.0 (71.0-99.0)	99.8 ± 39.9	96.0 (67.0-118)	0.66 (0.51)
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)	47.1 ± 9.7	50.1 (40.0-53.6)	48.6 ± 12.3	49.0 (38.0-55.5)	0.32 (0.75)
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)	73.9 ± 20.4	66.7 (58.6-85.2)	87.7 ± 20.8	88.0 (70.4-99.3)	2.21(0.03^a)
Waist circumference (Z-score)	-1.56 ± 1.42	-1.56 (-2.71 to -0.05)	-1.20 ± 1.6	-1.58 (-2.47 to 0.23)	0.66 (0.51)
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	12.4 ± 5.3	12.3 (7.4-18.0)	13.1 ± 6.5	11.2 (8.0-18.0)	0.32 (0.75)
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm)	11.3 ± 5.5	8.9 (6.7-16.2)	12.6 ± 8.1	9.4 (6.2-19.0)	0.05 (0.96)
HAZ	0.04 ± 1.29	0.13 (-1.21 to 0.95)	0.42 ± 0.89	-0.65 (-0.03 to 1.01)	1.00 (0.317)
WAZ	0.05 ± 0.99	-0.27 (-0.81 to 0.93)	0.27 ± 1.13	0.08 (-0.54 to 1.11)	0.88 (0.380)

^aP < 0.05.

HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HAZ: Height-for age Z-score; WAZ: Weight-for-age Z-score; KD: Kawasaki disease.

Full Size Table

Citation: Thakur S, Kaur H, Pilania RK, Kabeerdoss J, Singh S. Auxological and pubertal outcomes of children with Kawasaki disease: Experience from Chandigarh, India. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(4): 122376
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i4/122376.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.122376

Thakur S, Kaur H, Pilania RK, Kabeerdoss J, Singh S. Auxological and pubertal outcomes of children with Kawasaki disease: Experience from Chandigarh, India. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(4): 122376 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.122376]

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