Microbial and functional shifts between flare and remission in a single-center cohort of children with inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients during flare and remission

Parameters	P_003	P_010	P_015	P_019	P_020	P_022	P_023
Gender	Male	Male	Female	Female	Female	Male	Male
Age (years)	16.3	3.2	11.8	9	14.2	18.5	12.8
Ethnicity	Chinese	Indian	Indian	Indian	Indian	Indian	Malay
IBD phenotype	UC	UC	CD	CD	CD	CD	CD
Disease location (Paris classification)	E1	E4	L4b	L3	L3	L3	L3
CD phenotype			B1	B1	B1	B1	B1
V1 (active disease/flare)
Disease activity score (PUCAI/PCDAI)	60	80	35	52.5	55	32.5	32.5
Weight (kg)	58.5	15	35.6	27	35.6	41	30.9
Height (cm)	174	99	150.7	135	150	167.1	145.2
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.9	5.5	11.4	8.6	12.2	11.3	10.2
White blood cell (109/L)	4.5	12.36	7.87	9.28	15.31	8.14	8.3
Platelets (109/L)	184	62	547	508	437	408	424
ESR (mm/hour)	13	10	19	89	68	23	80
CRP (mg/L)		38	165		162
Stool calprotectin (μg/g)	32	> 1000	> 1000		729	> 1000	> 1000
Existing immunosuppression	None	Steroid	None	None	Steroid; Aza	None	None
V2 (remission)
Time from V1 (months)	4	11.8	73	14.3	13.9	14.6	29.8
Disease activity score	0	0	0	7.5	0	5	0
Weight (kg)	59.35	18.2	53	34	46.7	47	44.1
Height (cm)	174	101	153.5	153.5	156.5	169	150.5
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.8	10.1	11.3	10.7	12.6	12.5	11.6
White blood cell (109/L)	12.32	4.54	3.88	7.6	5.83	7.46	9.5
Platelets (109/L)	184	453	351	271	268	291	282
ESR (mm/hour)	9	10	14	14	7		15
CRP (mg/L)		< 5			< 5	25
Stool calprotectin (μg/g)	32	176	< 30	264	838		250
Current immunosuppression	5ASA	Infliximab	Aza	MTX	Infliximab	Aza	Aza

PUCAI: Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index; PCDAI: Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; CD: Crohn’s disease; V1: Visit 1; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; V2: Visit 2; P: Patient; UC: Ulcerative colitis; E1: Proctitis; E4: Pancolitis; L4b: Isolated small bowel disease; L3: Ileocolonic disease; B1: Inflammatory only; Aza: Azathioprine; 5ASA: 5-aminosalicylate; MTX: Methotrexate.

Table 2 Paired comparison of clinical parameters between flare and remission, median (interquartile range)

Parameters	V1	V2	P value
Disease activity score	52.5 (33.8-57.5)	0.00 (0.00-2.50)	0.018
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.3 (9.40-11.8)	11.6 (11.0-12.5)	0.028
White blood cell (109/L)	8.30 (8.00-10.8)	7.46 (5.19-8.55)	0.271
Platelets (109/L)	424 (296-473)	282 (269-321)	0.345
ESR (mm/hour)	23.0 (16.0-74.0)	12.0 (9.00-14.0)	0.043
CRP (mg/L)	162 (100-164)	5.00 (5.00-15.0)	0.180
Stool calprotectin (μg/g)	1000 (729-1000)	213 (32.0-264)	0.144

Paired comparisons between visit 1 and visit 2 were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. V1: Visit 1; V2: Visit 2.