Association between consanguinity and neurological and developmental disorders in pediatric patients: A retrospective cohort study in Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population, n (%)

Characteristic	Value
Total participants (n)	105
M	67 (63.8)
F	38 (36.2)
Sex ratio (M:F)	1.76:1
Age
Mean (years) ± SD	6.26 ± 3.96
Range	(5 months-14 years)
Consanguinity	62 (59)
Non-consanguinity	43 (41)

M: Male; F: Female.

Table 2 Neurological syndromes by consanguinity status, n (%)

Syndrome	Consanguineous	Non-consanguineous	Total
n	62	43	105
Genetic syndromes	36 (58.1)	18 (41.9)	54 (51.4)
Brain dysplasia	4 (6.5)	6 (14.0)	10 (9.5)
Epilepsy	47 (75.8)	33 (76.7)	80 (76.2)

Percentages are calculated within each column.

Table 3 Association between epilepsy and consanguinity status, n (%)

Epilepsy	Consanguineous	Non-consanguineous	Total	χ2	P value
Any epilepsy	47 (75.8)	33 (76.7)	80 (76.2)	0.01	0.91
Epilepsy type among epilepsy cases
Focal epilepsy	23 (48.9)	20 (60.6)	43 (53.8)	1.06	0.30
Generalized epilepsy	22 (46.8)	12 (36.4)	34 (42.5)	0.87	0.35
Undetermined	2 (4.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.5)	1	0.34
Type not documented	0 (0.0)	1 (3.0)	1 (1.3)	1	0.41

¹χ² test was used to compare between the groups. Fisher's exact test was used when the assumption of χ² test was not met.

Percentages for epilepsy phenotype rows are calculated among children with epilepsy within each group (with or without consanguinity).

Table 4 Association between developmental disorders and consanguinity status, n (%)

Developmental disorder	Consanguineous	Non-consanguineous	Total	χ2	P value
Any developmental disorder	45 (72.6)	28 (65.1)	73 (69.5)	0.67	0.41
GDD/ID	32 (51.6)	19 (44.2)	51 (48.6)	0.56	0.45
Language delay	11 (17.7)	6 (14.0)	17 (16.2)	0.27	0.60
Motor impairment	17 (27.4)	6 (14.0)	23 (21.9)	2.69	0.10
ASD	2 (3.2)	2 (4.6)	4 (3.8)	1	0.36

¹χ² test was used to compare between the groups. Fisher's exact test was used when the assumption of χ² test was not met.

Percentages are calculated within each column. ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; GDD: Global developmental delay; ID: Intellectual disability.

Table 5 Developmental disorders among children with epilepsy, stratified by consanguinity status, n (%)

Developmental disorder	Epilepsy + consanguineous	Epilepsy + non-consanguineous	Total	χ2	P value
n	48	32	80
Any developmental disorder	36 (75.0)	25 (78.1)	61 (76.3)	0.10	0.75
GDD/ID	23 (47.9)	14 (43.8)	37 (46.3)	0.13	0.71
Language delay	7 (14.6)	4 (12.5)	11 (13.8)	0.07	0.79
Motor impairment	11 (22.9)	3 (9.4)	14 (17.5)	2.44	0.12
ASD	2 (4.2)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.5)	1	0.36

¹χ² test was used to compare between the groups. Fisher's exact test was used when the assumption of χ² test was not met.

Percentages are calculated within each column. ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; GDD: Global developmental delay; ID: Intellectual disability.