Nutritional status of children with heart disease attending outpatient clinic at a tertiary health center in Lagos

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.118127

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Jun 9, 2026 (publication date) through May 16, 2026

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Jun 9, 2026; 15(2): 118127
Published online Jun 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.118127

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of participants, n (%)

Socio-demographics	Heart disease (n = 70)	Controls (n = 70)	Total	χ²	P value
Age group (years)
7-9	25 (35.7)	25 (35.7)	50 (35.7)	0.000	1.000
10-12	29 (41.4)	29 (41.4)	58 (41.4)
13-16	16 (22.9)	16 (22.9)	32 (22.9)
mean ± SD	10.47 ± 2.7	10.52 ± 2.7		0.019	0.995
Sex
Female	37 (52.9)	37 (52.9)	74 (52.9)	0.000	1.000
Male	33 (47.1)	33 (47.1)	66 (47.1)
Ethnic group
Yoruba	51 (72.9)	45 (64.3)	96 (68.6)	1.375	0.711
Igbo	11 (15.7)	13 (18.6)	24 (17.1)
Hausa	5 (7.1)	7 (10.0)	12 (8.6)
Others	3 (4.3)	5 (7.1)	8 (5.7)
Social economic status
Lower	21 (20.0)	16 (22.9)	37 (26.4)	1.108	0.575
Middle	44 (62.9)	47 (67.1)	91 (65.0)
Upper	5 (7.1)	7 (10.0)	12 (8.6)
Living with parent
Yes	63 (90.0)	60 (85.7)	123 (87.9)	0.603	0.438
No	7 (10.0)	10 (14.3)	17 (12.1)
Previous abuse
Yes	8 (11.4)	7 (10.0)	15 (10.7)	0.075	0.785
No	62 (88.6)	63 (90.0)	125 (89.3)

Full Size Table

Table 2 Nutritional status assessment among participants, n (%)/mean ± SD

	Heart disease (n = 70)	Controls (n = 70)	χ²	P value
Weight (kg)	30.10 ± 12.4	35.41 ± 9.0	2.902	0.004
Height (cm)	132.56 ± 17.0	133.64 ± 11.3	0.444	0.657
Body mass index	16.81 ± 3.6	19.53 ± 2.4	5.219	< 0.001
WAZ score
Severe wasting	12 (17.1)	0 (0.0)	26.102	< 0.001
Wasting	9 (12.9)	0 (0.0)
Normal	48 (68.6)	70 (100.0)
Overweight	1 (1.4)	0 (0.0)
mean ± SD	-1.32 ± 1.5	0.40 ± 0.8	8.380	< 0.001
HAZ score
Severe stunting	5 (7.1)	0 (0.0)	24.409	< 0.001
Stunting	20 (28.6)	2 (2.9)
Normal	45 (64.3)	68 (97.1)
mean ± SD	-1.31 ± 1.3	-0.54 ± 0.7	4.247	< 0.001
BAZ score
Severe underweight	9 (12.9)	0 (0.0)	28.084	< 0.001
Underweight	3 (4.3)	0 (0.0)
Normal	48 (68.6)	35 (50.0)
Overweight	9 (12.9)	33 (47.1)
Obese	1 (1.4)	2 (2.9)
mean ± SD	-0.66 ± 1.6	0.93 ± 0.7	7.472	< 0.001

WAZ: Weight for age Z score; HAZ: Height for age Z score; BAZ: Body mass index for age Z score.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Association between malnutrition and socio-demographic characteristics among children with heart disease, n (%)

	Normal nutrition (n = 36)	Malnutrition (n = 34)	χ²	P value
Age group (years)
7-9	12 (48.0)	13 (52.0)
10-12	15 (51.7)	14 (48.3)	0.268	0.875
13-16	9 (56.2)	7 (43.8)
Sex
Female	14 (42.4)	19 (57.6)	2.026	0.155
Male	22 (59.5)	15 (40.5)
Social economic status
Lower	10 (47.6)	11 (52.4)	0.282	0.869
Middle	23 (52.3)	21 (47.7)
Upper	3 (60.0)	2 (40.0)
Living with parent
Yes	31 (49.2)	32 (50.8)	1.245	0.264
No	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)
Previous abuse
Yes	2 (25.0)	6 (75.0)	2.526	0.112
No	34 (54.8)	28 (45.2)

Full Size Table

Table 4 Association between malnutrition and clinical characteristics among children with heart disease

	Normal nutrition (n = 36)	Malnutrition (n = 34)	χ²	P value
Classification of heart disease
Congenital cyanotic	12 (42.9)	16 (57.1)
Congenital acyanotic	16 (50.0)	16 (50.0)
Acquired	8 (80.0)	2 (20.0)	4.118	0.128
Cardiac surgery type
Definitive surgery	11 (61.1)	7 (38.9)
Palliative surgery	0 (0.0)	3 (100.0)	3.855	0.145
None	25 (51.0)	24 (49.0)
Admissions in last one year
None	9 (50.0)	9 (50.0)
Once	9 (40.9)	13 (59.1)
Twice	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)
Three or more	12 (70.6)	5 (29.4)	3.632	0.304

Acquired heart disease included dilated cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease and supraventricular tachycardia.

Full Size Table

Citation: Animasahun AB, Ransome-Kuti O, Soyele E, Animasahun GA, Ubuane P, Ariyibi A, Hughes-Darden C, Njokanma OF. Nutritional status of children with heart disease attending outpatient clinic at a tertiary health center in Lagos. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(2): 118127
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i2/118127.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.118127

Animasahun AB, Ransome-Kuti O, Soyele E, Animasahun GA, Ubuane P, Ariyibi A, Hughes-Darden C, Njokanma OF. Nutritional status of children with heart disease attending outpatient clinic at a tertiary health center in Lagos. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(2): 118127 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.118127]

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