Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117841

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Jun 9, 2026 (publication date) through May 16, 2026

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Jun 9, 2026; 15(2): 117841
Published online Jun 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117841

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and family status of 140 predominantly breastfed neonates classified by mode of delivery, n (%)/mean (95%CI)

Characteristics	Total (n = 140)	Mode of delivery		P value
Characteristics	Total (n = 140)	Vagina delivery (n = 66)	Cesarean section (n = 74)	P value
Neonate (female)	70 (50.0)	32 (48.5)	38 (51.4)	0.735
Birth weight (g)	3080.60 (3022.88-3184.48)	3056.41 (2973.16-3138.84)	3103.80 (3023.77-3183.84)	0.428
Length (cm)	49.59 (49.29-49.88)	49.64 (49.14-50.15)	49.52 (49.28-49.87)	0.664
First child	87 (62.10)	40 (60.6)	47 (63.5)	0.723
Paternal age (years)	34.5 (33.4-35.6)	33.3 (31.6-35.6)	35.6 (34.1-37.0)	0.045^a
Paternal high education	89 (63.6)	35 (53.0)	54 (73.0)	0.014^a
Paternal low income	0	0	0
Maternal age (years)	32.4 (31.5-33.2)	30.9 (29.6-32.3)	33.6 (32.6-34.6)	0.002^a
Maternal high education	107 (76.4)	46 (69.7)	61 (82.4)	0.076
Maternal low income	18 (12.9)	9 (13.6)	9 (11.2)	0.795
Maternal BMI
Undernutrition	11 (7.9)	6 (9.1)	5 (6.8)
Normal	60 (42.9)	26 (39.4)	34 (46.0)
Overweight	18 (12.9)	6 (9.1)	12 (16.2)	0.513
Obesity class I	30 (21.4)	16 (24.2)	14 (18.9)
Obesity class II	21 (15.0)	12 (18.1)	9 (12.2)
Maternal allergic disease	6 (4.3)	4 (6.1)	2 (2.7)	0.327
Expanded family	77 (55.0)	36 (54.6)	41 (55.4)	0.919
Number in family	4.7 (4.4-5.0)	4.7 (4.3-5.2)	4.6 (4.2 – 5.1)	0.357
Family low income	18 (12.9)	9 (13.6)	9 (12.2)	0.795
Family history of allergy	47 (31.4)	22 (33.3)	25 (29.8)	0.956
Family history of asthma	9 (6.4)	7 (10.6)	2 (2.7)	0.057
Smoking in the family	35 (25.0)	23 (34.9)	12 (16.2)	0.011^a
Stool collection time	37.9 (33.6-50.1)	32.4 (27.8-36.9)	43.0 (35.8-50.1)	0.016^a
< 24 hours	54 (38.6)	23 (34.9)	31 (41.9)
24-48 hours	48 (34.3)	30 (45.5)	18 (24.3)	0.023^a
> 48 hours	38 (27.14)	13 (19.7)	25 (33.8)

^aP < 0.05.

BMI: Body mass index.

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Citation: Sintusek P, Klomkliew P, Visedthorn S, Phutthawong K, Noicharoen T, Soontornsook A, Tran DL, Payungporn S. Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(2): 117841
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i2/117841.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117841

Sintusek P, Klomkliew P, Visedthorn S, Phutthawong K, Noicharoen T, Soontornsook A, Tran DL, Payungporn S. Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(2): 117841 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117841]

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