Circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 and its genetic variants -3148C>G (rs4808793) in pediatric cardiac patients

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117283

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 15, Issue 2

This Article

(0) (0) (0)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (76)

All Articles published online

Item

Count

PDF

HTML

Figures (1-2)

Tables (1-5)

Sum=40

Publishing Process of This Article

Item

Count

Browse

Download

Sum=70

Jun 9, 2026 (publication date) through May 16, 2026

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (0)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

ISSN

2219-2808

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Jun 9, 2026; 15(2): 117283
Published online Jun 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117283

Table 1 Comparison between various echocardiographic parameters among the study groups, mean ± SD

Variables	Cases (n = 100)	Controls (n = 50)	P value	Patients with heart failure (n = 50)	Patients without heart failure (n = 50)	P value
Ejection fraction (EF) (%)	45.71 ± 13.97	59.82 ± 8.98	< 0.001^a	34.52 ± 7.98	56.9 ± 8.66	< 0.001^a
Fractional shortening (FS) (%)	31.20 ± 8.05	36.58 ± 5.66	0.03^a	23.08 ± 2.62	38.86 ± 7.47	< 0.001^a
LVEDD (mm)	29.12 ± 10.89	27.02 ± 9.3	0.400	29.74 ± 11.95	28.51 ± 9.79	0.964
LVESD (mm)	22.46 ± 9.79	19.38 ± 7.42	0.118	23.92 ± 8.45	21.01 ± 10.86	0.037^a
Pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg), median (IQ range)	19 (18-22)	17 (14-20)	0.001^a	22 (15-25)	19 (18-20)	0.726
IVS (mm)	7.46 ± 1.87	6.65 ± 1.78	0.021^a	7.41 ± 1.34	7.01 ± 1.14	0.937

^aP value < 0.05.

EF: Ejection fraction; FS: Fraction shortening; LVEDD: Left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD: Left ventricular end systolic diameter; IVS: Interventricular septum; IQ: Interquartile.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Comparison of the serum growth differentiation-15 levels among the study groups, mean ± SD

Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	Cases (n = 100)			Controls (n = 50)	P value
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	948.35 ± 386.29			249.48 ± 99.9	< 0.001^a
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	Congenital heart diseases (n = 69)	Rheumatic heart diseases (n = 14)	Cardiomyopathy (n = 17)	P value	P1	P2	P3
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	852.07 ± 376.39	1081.43 ± 435.28	1229.53 ± 166.6	< 0.001^a	0.029^a	< 0.001^a	0.796
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	TOF (n = 16)	PDA + VSD + ASD (n = 53)		P value
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	1138.38 ± 249.32	765.64 ± 366.74		< 0.001^a
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	Patients with heart failure (n = 50)	Patients without heart failure (n = 50)		P value
Serum GDF-15 (pg/mL)	1170 ± 292.55	726.7 ± 340.04		< 0.001^a

^aP value < 0.05.

GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor-15; P1: Comparison between congenital heart diseases and rheumatic heart diseases; P2: Comparison between congenital heart diseases and cardiomyopathy; P3: Comparison between rheumatic heart diseases and cardiomyopathy; VSD: Ventricular septal defect; ASD: Atrial septal defect; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; TOF: Tetralogy of Fallot.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Genotypes and allele frequencies of growth differentiation factor-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) single-nucleotide polymorphism among the study groups

Study groups	Variables
	GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) genotypes														GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) alleles
	CC		CG		GG		CC + CG		GG		CC		CG + GG		C		G
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Cases (n = 100)	36	36	53	53	11	11	89	89	11	11	36	36	64	64	125	62.5	75	37.5
Controls (n = 50)	5	10	34	68	11	22	39	78	11	22	5	10	45	90	44	44	56	56
P value (χ²)	0.002 (12.287)						0.073 (3.223)				< 0.001 (11.345)				0.002 (9.275)
OR (95%CI)	-						2.282 (0.913-5.707)				5.063 (1.844-13.902)				2.121 (1.302-3.455)

GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor-15; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Genotypes and allele frequencies of growth differentiation factor-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) single-nucleotide polymorphism among congenital heart diseases and controls

Study groups	Variables
	GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) genotypes														GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) alleles
	CC		CG		GG		CC + CG		GG		CC		CG + GG		C		G
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Congenital heart diseases (n = 69)	31	44.9	33	47.8	5	7.2	64	92.4	5	7.6	31	44.9	38	55.1	95	68.8	43	31.2
Control (n = 50)	5	10	34	68	11	22	39	78	11	22	5	10	45	90	44	44	56	56
P value (χ²)	< 0.001 (16.252)						0.020 (5.423)				< 0.001 (16.762)				< 0.001 (14.728)
OR (95%CI)	-						3.610 (1.167-11.172)				7.342 (2.599-20.743)				2.812 (1.648-4.799)

GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor-15; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Genotypes and allele frequencies of growth differentiation factor-15 (rs4808793) single-nucleotide polymorphism among patients with and without heart failure

Study groups	Variables
	GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) genotypes														GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C>G) alleles
	CC		CG		GG		CC+CG		GG		CC		CG+GG		C		G
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Pediatric cardiac patients with heart failure (n = 50)	16	32	27	54	7	14	43	86	7	14	16	32	34	68	59	59	41	41
Pediatric cardiac patients without heart failure (n = 50)	20	40	26	52	4	8	46	92	4	8	20	40	30	60	66	66	34	34
P value (χ²)	0.527 (1.281)						0.338 (0.919)				0.405 (0.694)				0.307 (1.045)
OR (95%CI)							0.534 (0.146-1.954)				0.706 (0.311-1.603)				0.741 (0.417-1.317)

GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor-15; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Full Size Table

Citation: Abd-Elmawgood EA, Hassan MH, Abd-Elbaseer KA, Ibrahem MH, Yousef KMH, Bakri AH. Circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 and its genetic variants -3148C>G (rs4808793) in pediatric cardiac patients. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(2): 117283
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i2/117283.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117283

Abd-Elmawgood EA, Hassan MH, Abd-Elbaseer KA, Ibrahem MH, Yousef KMH, Bakri AH. Circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 and its genetic variants -3148C>G (rs4808793) in pediatric cardiac patients. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(2): 117283 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i2.117283]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.