Built environment and childhood obesity

Table 1 Studies on the association of built environment and childhood obesity

Ref.	Publication year	Association with childhood obesity
Sweden[35]	2017	Access to fast food outlets
Wales[36]	2021	Density of fast food outlets
Germany[38]	2020	Access to green spaces
New Zealand[41]	2016	School travel distance, green space
Durham (United States)[42]	2012	Housing location, safety
California (United States)[44]	2018	Green space, safety
New York (United States)[45]	2018	Fast food restaurant density
Montreal (Canada)[46]	2018	Pedestrian friendly areas, fast food outlets
Latin American nations[51]	2023	Urban isolation no association with population density or greenery
Shanghai (China)[57]	2023	Recreational and sports facilities
Bangalore (India)[59]	2019	Neighborhood walkability
Uganda (Africa)[61]	2021	Little relation to environmental characteristics

Table 2 Aspects of obesogenic environment and related factors¹

Open spaces for physical activity
Access to unhealthy food outlets
Neighborhood and road safety
Air quality
Travel behavior
Family income

¹Adapted from Carmo et al[72] and Abdollahi et al[73].

Table 3 Built environment aspects to be addressed in developing nations

Green spaces and provision of spaces for physical activity
Availability and affordability of healthy dietary joints
Pedestrian paths for safe commute
Provision of facilities for playing sports and games
Safe walkability zones to go to school
Development of secure neighborhoods that encourage outdoor activities