Observational Study
Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2024; 13(1): 89139
Published online Mar 9, 2024. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i1.89139
Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of enrolled mothers and their families (n = 5148)
N Percent Maternal age Less than 20 yr 115 2.2 20-yr 1313 25.5 30-yr 2931 56.9 40-yr 708 13.8 50-yr 81 1.6 Paternal age Less than 20 yr 27 0.5 20-yr 693 13.5 30-yr 2704 52.5 40-yr 1431 27.8 50-yr 293 5.7 Maternal education Read and write 64 1.2 Primary school 28 0.5 Preparatory school 91 1.8 Secondary school 441 8.6 University 3042 59.1 Postgraduate 1482 28.8 Paternal education Read and write 59 1.1 Primary school 18 0.3 Preparatory school 63 1.2 Secondary school 433 8.4 University 3353 65.1 Postgraduate 1222 23.7 Maternal occupation Working 3321 64.5 Not working 1827 35.5 Paternal occupation Working 5061 98.3 Not working 87 1.7 Residence Urban 4202 81.6 Rural 946 18.4 Crowding index ≤ 2 4878 94.8 > 2 270 5.2
Table 2 Management of knowledge source, n (%)
Domain Question Always Usually Often Sometimes Never Currency When was the information published or posted? 1216 (23.6) 1360 (26.4) 1611 (31.3) 805 (15.6) 156 (3.0) Has the information been revised or updated? 1181 (22.9) 1423 (27.6) 1549 (30.1) 802 (15.6) 193 (3.7) Authority Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor? 1453 (28.2) 1351 (26.2) 1243 (24.1) 876 (17.0) 225 (4.4) What are the author's qualifications to write on the topic? 1399 (27.2) 1357 (26.4) 1219 (23.7) 907 (17.6) 266 (5.2) Is there contact information such as a publisher or e-mail address? 512 (9.9) 763 (14.8) 1300 (25.3) 1786 (34.7) 787 (15.3) Accuracy Is the information supported by evidence? 1625 (31.6) 1562 (30.35) 1264 (24.6) 530 (10.3) 167 (3.2) Purpose What is the purpose of the information? To inform? Teach? Sell? Entertain? Persuade? 1617 (31.4) 1561 (30.3) 1143 (22.2) 621 (12.1) 206 (4.0) Does the point of view appear objective and impartial? 1260 (24.5) 1697 (33.0) 1282 (24.9) 677 (13.2) 232 (4.5) Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases? 1214 (23.6) 1317 (25.6) 1160 (22.5) 987 (19.25) 470 (9.1)
Table 3 Relationship between management of information sources and nutrition knowledge and myths
Nutrition knowledge Nutrition myths Low nutrition knowledge Intermediate to high nutrition knowledge P valueHolding nutrition myths Not holding nutrition myths P valueCurrency/When was the information published or posted? Always 417 (34.3) 799 (65.7) 0.852 528 (43.4) 688 (56.6) 0.441 Usually 447 (32.9) 913 (67.1) 581 (42.7) 779 (57.3) Often 559 (34.7) 1052 (65.3) 706 (43.8) 905 (56.2) Sometimes 278 (34.5) 527 (65.5) 377 (46.8) 428 (53.2) Never 55 (35.3) 101 (64.7) 70 (44.9) 86 (55.1) Currency/Has the information been revised or updated? Always 405 (34.3) 776 (65.7) 0.571 507 (42.9) 674 (57.1) 0.258 Usually 461 (32.4) 962 (67.6) 623 (43.8) 800 (56.2) Often 542 (35.0) 1007 (65.0) 664 (42.9) 885 (57.1) Sometimes 283 (35.3) 519 (64.7) 380 (47.4) 422 (52.6) Never 65 (33.7) 128 (66.3) 88 (45.6) 105 (54.4) Authority/Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor? Always 495 (34.1) 958 (65.9) 0.988 636 (43.8) 817 (56.2) 0.947 Usually 459 (34.0) 892 (66.0) 605 (44.8) 746 (55.2) Often 427 (34.4) 816 (65.6) 541 (43.5) 702 (56.5) Sometimes 295 (33.7) 581 (66.3) 379 (43.3) 497 (56.7) Never 80 (35.6) 145 (64.4) 101 (44.9) 124 (55.1) Authority/What are the author's qualifications to write on the topic? Always 489 (35.0) 910 (65.0) 0.225 610 (43.6) 789 (56.4) 0.511 Usually 431 (31.8) 926 (68.2) 604 (44.5) 753 (55.5) Often 432 (35.4) 787 (64.6) 513 (42.1) 706 (57.9) Sometimes 306 (33.7) 601 (66.3) 413 (45.5) 494 (54.5) Never 98 (36.8) 168 (63.2) 122 (45.9) 144 (54.1) Authority/Is there contact information such as a publisher or e-mail address? Always 192 (37.5) 320 (62.5) 0.012a 229 (44.7) 283 (55.3) 0.786 Usually 250 (32.8) 513 (67.2) 323 (42.3) 440 (57.7) Often 474 (36.5) 826 (63.5) 575 (44.2) 725 (55.8) Sometimes 561 (31.4) 1225 (68.6) 778 (43.6) 1008 (56.4) Never 279 (35.5) 508 (64.5) 357 (45.4) 430 (54.6) Accuracy/Is the information supported by evidence? Always 553 (34.0) 1072 (66.0) 0.089 709 (43.6) 916 (56.4) 0.016 Usually 496 (31.8) 1066 (68.2) 664 (42.5) 898 (57.5) Often 457 (36.2) 807 (63.8) 542 (42.9) 722 (57.1) Sometimes 185 (34.9) 345 (65.1) 268 (50.6) 262 (49.4) Never 65 (38.9) 102 (61.1) 79 (47.3) 88 (52.7) Purpose/What is the purpose of the information? To inform? Teach? Sell? Entertain? Persuade? Always 562 (34.8) 1055 (65.2) 0.716 714 (44.2) 903 (55.8) 0.67 Usually 512 (32.8) 1049 (67.2) 669 (42.9) 892 (57.1) Often 400 (35.0) 743 (65.0) 498 (43.6) 645 (56.4) Sometimes 209 (33.7) 412 (66.3) 286 (46.1) 335 (53.9) Never 73 (35.4) 133 (64.6) 95 (46.1) 111 (53.9) Purpose/Does the point of view appear objective and impartial? Always 440 (34.9) 820 (65.1) 0.241 557 (44.2) 703 (55.8) 0.378 Usually 556 (32.8) 1141 (67.2) 755 (44.5) 942 (55.5) Often 448 (34.9) 834 (65.1) 534 (41.7) 748 (58.3) Sometimes 221 (32.6) 456 (67.4) 309 (45.6) 368 (54.4) Never 91 (39.2) 141 (60.8) 107 (46.1) 125 (53.9) Purpose/Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases? Always 433 (35.7) 781 (64.3) 0.559 533 (43.9) 681 (56.1) 0.343 Usually 428 (32.5) 889 (67.5) 565 (42.9) 752 (57.1) Often 400 (34.5) 760 (65.5) 492 (42.4) 668 (57.6) Sometimes 333 (33.7) 654 (66.3) 455 (46.1) 532 (53.9) Never 162 (34.5) 308 (65.5) 217 (46.2) 253 (53.8)
Table 4 Source of knowledge predictors of holding nutritional myths among mothers with children less than 15 years, n (%)
Predictor of holding nutritional myths Holding nutrition myths Not holding nutrition myths Crude OR [95%CI]1 Adjusted OR [95%CI]2 Studying at school and university No 1305 (45.2) 1581 (54.8) 0.95 [0.92-0.99] 0.95 [0.92-0.99] Yes 957 (42.3) 1305 (57.7) P value0.037a 0.126 Television, radio, newspapers and magazines No 1336 (42.7) 1792 (57.3) 0.93 [0.88-0.99] 0.93 [0.88-0.99] Yes 926 (45.8) 1094 (54.2) P value0.027a 0.020a Health care providers and scientific websites No 1741 (43.6) 2255 (56.4) 1.03 [0.97-1.09] 1.03 [0.97-1.09] Yes 521 (45.2) 631 (54.8) P value0.318 0.044a Friends and relatives No 1473 (42.4) 2002 (57.6) 0.89 [0.84-0.95] 0.89 [0.84-0.95] Yes 789 (47.2) 884 (52.8) P value< 0.001b < 0.001b Social media No 1051 (45.4) 1263 (54.6) 1.06 [0.99-1.13] 1.06 [0.99-1.13] Yes 1211 (42.7) 1623 (57.3) P value0.053 0.001a
Table 5 Source of knowledge predictors of higher nutritional knowledge among mothers with children less than 15 years, n (%)
Predictor of good nutritional knowledge Bad nutrition knowledge Good nutrition knowledge Crude OR [95%CI] Adjusted OR [95%CI] Studying at school and university No 975 (33.8) 1911 (66.2) 1.02 [0.94, 1.04] 1.09 [0.98, 1.23] Yes 781 (34.5) 1481 (65.5) P value0.577 0.126 Television, radio, newspapers and magazines No 1132 (36.2) 1996 (63.8) 1.09 [1.05, 1.15] 1.15 [1.02, 1.29] Yes 624 (30.9) 1396 (69.1) P value< 0.001b 0.02a Health care providers and scientific websites No 1403 (35.1) 2593 (64.4) 0.85 [0.76, 0.95] 0.87 [0.75, 0.99] Yes 353 (30.6) 799 (69.4) P value0.005a 0.044a Friends and relatives No 1108 (31.9) 2367 (68.3) 0.9 [0.867, 0.943] 1.3 [1.14, 1.49] Yes 648 (38.7) 1025 (61.3) P value< 0.001b < 0.001b Social media No 683 (29.5) 1631 (70.5) 0.81 [0.756, 0.866] 1.22 [1.09, 1.38] Yes 1073 (37.9) 1761 (62.1) P value< 0.001b 0.001a