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Dec 9, 2023 (publication date) through Nov 7, 2025
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Publication Name
World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
ISSN
2219-2808
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2023; 12(5): 310-318
Published online Dec 9, 2023. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.310
Table 1 Demographic data and intelligence quotient of children with Down syndrome and their controls
DS (n = 40)
Controls (n = 40)
P value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)10.85 ± 2.7210.70 ± 2.640.87
Sex, n (%)0.24
    Male28 (70%)26 (65%)
    Female12 (30%)14 (35%)
IQ (mean ± SD)68.45 ± 6.1196.73 ± 2.680.0011
1P < 0.01 is significant.
DS: Down syndrome; IQ: Intelligence quotient.
Full Size Table
Table 2 Brain metabolite ratios of children with down syndrome and controls
Brain metabolite ratios (mean ± SD)
DS (n = 40)
Controls (n = 40)
P value
Frontal lobe
    NAA/Cr1.19 ± 0.441.788 ± 0.2730.0011
    Cho/Cr1.03 ± 0.401.08 ± 0.1870.473
    MI/Cr0.56 ± 0.211.50 ± 0.470.0011
Temporal lobe
    NAA/Cr1.26 ± 1.191.75 ±0.210.011
    Cho/Cr0.71 ± 0.301.07 ±0.160.0011
    MI/Cr0.41 ± 0.191.40 ±0.560.0011
Basal ganglia
    NAA/Cr1.21 ± 0.551.78 ± 0.190.0011
    Cho/Cr0.68 ± 0.331.06 ± 0.170.0011
    MI/Cr0.35 ± 0.171.50 ± 0.540.0011
Occipital lobe
    NAA/Cr1.72 ± 0.491.92 ± 0.340.033
    Cho/Cr0.83 ± 0.350.99 ± 0.140.011
    MI/Cr0.44 ± 0.171.48 ± 0.540.0011
1P < 0.01 is significant.
Cho: Choline; Cr: Creatine; DS: Down syndrome; MI: Myoinositol; Naa: N-acetyl aspartate.
Full Size Table
Table 3 Correlation between intelligence quotient and the brain metabolite ratios in children with down syndrome
Correlations with IQ
r
P value
F NAA/Cr0.533< 0.0011
F Cho/Cr-0.2100.193
F MI/Cr-0.2590.107
T NAA/Cr0.2150.182
T Cho/Cr0.3300.037
T MI/Cr-0.0180.913
BG NAA/Cr0.1000.541
BG Cho/Cr0.1050.518
BG MI/Cr0.0080.961
O NAA/Cr0.0910.578
O Cho/Cr-0.3460.029
O MI/Cr0.2150.184
1P < 0.01 is significant.
BG: Basal ganglia; Cho: Choline; Cr: Creatine; DS: Down syndrome; F: Frontal; IQ: Intelligence quotient; MI: Myoinositol; NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; O: Occipital; T: Temporal.
Full Size Table
Table 4 Multivariate analysis of the brain metabolite ratios that significantly affect intelligence quotient in children with down syndrome
Unstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
t valueP value
B
SE
Beta
F NAA/Cr10.1232.2600.7264.480< 0.0011
T Cho/Cr10.9503.3470.5413.2720.0021
O Cho/Cr5.6953.3910.3241.6790.102
1P < 0.01 is significant.
Dependent variable: IQ; Cho: Choline; Cr: Creatine; F: Frontal; IQ: Intelligence quotient; NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; O: Occipital; T: Temporal.
Full Size Table
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