Ogundele MO, Yemula C. Management of sleep disorders among children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A practical guide for clinicians. World J Clin Pediatr 2022; 11(3): 239-252 [PMID: 35663001 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i3.239]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Michael O Ogundele, MBBS, MRCPCH, MSc, Doctor, Department of Community Paediatrics, Bridgewater Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Halton District, Lister Road, Runcorn WA7 1TW, United Kingdom. m.ogundele@nhs.net
Research Domain of This Article
Behavioral Sciences
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Increased association with excess weight gain and obesity[69]. Impairs immune function. Affects physical coordination. Affects ability to learn new information and problem solve. Affects mood and emotional regulation and increases risk of mental health problems e.g., mood or anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation
How to sleep well and stay healthy-A guide for teenagers. This is an interactive guide with animations, sounds and external links to useful educational video clips
Fast absorption. Fast onset of action. Peak at 2-4 h
CNS depressants
Reduces latency. May decrease quality
Hydroxyzine
Antihistamine
H1 agonist. Crosses blood-brain barrier
6-24
Hepatic
Fast absorption. Fast onset of action. Peak at 2-4 h
CNS depressants
Reduces latency. May decrease quality
Melatonin
Neuro-hormone
Hypnotic
90% excreted in 4
Hepatic
30-60 min
Unknown
Reduces latency. Maximum circadian effect
Clonazepam
Benzodiazepine
Central GABA receptors
30-40
CYP 450 3A oxidation
60-240 min
Fluoxetine
Suppresses slow-wave sleep. Reduces arousal
Flurazepam
Benzodiazepine
Central GABA receptors
2-100
CYP 450 3A oxidation
30 min to 13 h
Fluoxetine
Suppresses slow-wave sleep. Reduces arousal
Zolpidem
Z-drug
Benzodiazepine-like
2.5-3
CYP 450 3A oxidation
90 min
Reduces latency. Weak effect on sleep architecture
Clonidine
Alpha agonist
Inhibits noradrenaline release
6-24
50%-80% in urine
Fast absorption 100% bioavailability. Onset of action: 1 h. Peak effect: 2-4 h
Reduce REM. Reduces slow-wave sleep
Citation: Ogundele MO, Yemula C. Management of sleep disorders among children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A practical guide for clinicians. World J Clin Pediatr 2022; 11(3): 239-252