Celiac disease in children: A review of the literature

Table 1 Groups with higher risk of developing celiac disease

Groups with higher risk of developing celiacdisease
First-degree relatives of celiac patients
Second-degree relatives of celiac patients
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune thyroid disease
Autoimmune liver disease
Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Williams syndrome
Selective IgA deficiency
Systemic lupus eryhtematosus
Juvenile chronic arthritis

Table 2 Extra-intestinal manifestations of celiac disease

Extra-intestinal manifestations of celiac disease
Short stature
Anemia
Osteopenia/osteoporosis
Delayed puberty
Dental enamel defects
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Recurrent aphtous stomatitis
Neurological manifestations; peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, ataxia, headache
Arthritis, arthralgia
Infertility
Amenorrhea
Elevated liver enzymes
Alopecia
Anxiety, depression

Table 3 Other diseases causing villous atrophy

Other diseases causing villous atrophy
Parasitic infections (Giardia lamblia)
Autoimmune enteropathy
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Common variable immunodeficiency
Cow's milk or soya protein hypersensitivity
Intractable diarrhea of infancy
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Drug induced enteropathy (e.g., olmesartan, mycophenolate)
Intestinal lymphoma
Crohn's disease
Human immunodeficiency virus enteropathy
Tropical disease

Table 4 The modified Marsh classification

	IEL	Crypts	Villi
Type 0	< 40	Normal	Normal
Type 1	> 40	Normal	Normal
Type 2	> 40	Hypertrophic	Normal
Type 3a	> 40	Hypertrophic	Mild atrophy
Type 3b	> 40	Hypertrophic	Marked atrophy
Type 3c	> 40	Hypertrophic	Absent

IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocyte count/100 epithelial cells.