Estupiñán-Pérez VH, Jiménez-Urrego ÁM, Botero Carvajal A. Clinical and environmental risk factors for childhood developmental disabilities: A narrative review (1990-2025). World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(3): 119109 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.119109]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Alejandro Botero Carvajal, MD, PhD, Professor, Senior Researcher, School of Health, Universidad Santiago de Cali, 5th Street, No. 62-00, Pampalinda Neighborhood, Cali 760001, Colombia. alejandro.botero00@usc.edu.co
Research Domain of This Article
Pediatrics
Article-Type of This Article
review-article
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Author contributions: Estupiñán-Pérez VH and Jiménez-Urrego ÁM conducted methodological guidance; Jiménez-Urrego ÁM and Botero Carvajal A conducted data extraction; Estupiñán-Pérez VH provided critical review; Botero Carvajal A conceptualized the study, interpreted findings, and finalized the manuscript. All authors approved the final version.
AI contribution statement: AI-assisted tools were used during manuscript preparation. The manuscript was written by the authors. All scientific content reflects the authors’ original intellectual work and critical synthesis of the literature. AI tools did not generate scientific content. AI tools were used for English language editing, stylistic refinement, clarity improvement, and limited translation of author-written text. No AI tools were used for data analysis. Study design, literature selection, critical appraisal of included studies, thematic synthesis, interpretation of findings, and conclusions were performed exclusively by the authors. No figures, tables, or images were generated using AI tools.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Corresponding author: Alejandro Botero Carvajal, MD, PhD, Professor, Senior Researcher, School of Health, Universidad Santiago de Cali, 5th Street, No. 62-00, Pampalinda Neighborhood, Cali 760001, Colombia. alejandro.botero00@usc.edu.co
Received: January 20, 2026 Revised: February 5, 2026 Accepted: March 26, 2026 Published online: September 9, 2026 Processing time: 195 Days and 10.4 Hours
Abstract
Developmental disabilities (DD) affect millions of children worldwide and disproportionately burden low- and middle-income countries. Modifiable risks include early-life clinical procedures and environmental/psychosocial exposures, but syntheses spanning 1990-2025, including the coronavirus disease 2019, remain limited. To narratively review evidence on clinical and environmental risk factors for DD in children < 18 years. PubMed (1990-2025) was searched using SPIDER. Clinical trials, cohorts, and population-based studies were thematically synthesized across clinical procedural and environmental/psychosocial domains. Thirty-two studies were included (19 clinical/procedural; 13 environmental/psychosocial/early intervention), enrolling > 100000 participants; registry studies added > 1.8 million. Cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease was associated with below-average cognitive and motor scores, driven mainly by perioperative complexity, low birth weight, and prolonged intensive care rather than surgical technique. Maternal mental illness was linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (adjusted odds ratio: Approximately 3-4). Multidomain, family-centered interventions - including telehealth - improved developmental outcomes and reduced delay. Several cohorts reported increased developmental concerns during and after coronavirus disease 2019, particularly in communication and social-emotional domains. Clinical and environmental/psychosocial factors are major, potentially modifiable determinants of DD; priorities include strengthened developmental surveillance, caregiver mental health assessment, and equitable access to early intervention.
Core Tip: Developmental disabilities arise from the interaction of clinical factors (cardiac surgery, neonatal complications) and environmental determinants (maternal mental health, poverty, coronavirus disease 2019-related disruptions). Cardiac surgery outcomes are largely driven by perioperative complexity and intensive care morbidity rather than surgical technique alone. Maternal mental illness shows strong associations with adverse child outcomes, and multidomain, family-centered early interventions - including telehealth delivery - produce meaningful improvements across developmental domains. Pediatric systems should integrate systematic developmental surveillance, caregiver mental health care, and equitable access to early intervention, especially for children whose early years overlapped with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Citation: Estupiñán-Pérez VH, Jiménez-Urrego ÁM, Botero Carvajal A. Clinical and environmental risk factors for childhood developmental disabilities: A narrative review (1990-2025). World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(3): 119109
Developmental disabilities (DD) represent a critical global public health burden. Recent estimates suggest that approximately 30-53 million children under 5 years live with disabilities, depending on the definition and data source, with the vast majority residing in low- and middle-income countries[1]. The burden of DD varies substantially by region and country and reflects the combined influence of genetic, perinatal, and environmental determinants, with major categories including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and visual impairment[1].
From 1990 to 2016, DD prevalence decreased in many high-income countries but increased in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and the Middle East, reflecting persistent inequities in access to prenatal care, early detection, and intervention services[1]. The 2015-2016 Zika virus outbreak in Latin America heightened awareness of teratogenic risks to fetal neurodevelopment and the severe DD observed in congenital Zika syndrome, emphasizing the importance of modifiable risk factors throughout the perinatal period[2].
Scientific interest in DD etiology and prevention has expanded substantially, with PubMed indexing growing from a single publication in 1945 to more than 4000 publications annually by 2024[1]. Clinical risk factors - including cardiac surgery, perinatal complications, and neonatal pharmaceutical exposures - are increasingly recognized contributors to neurodevelopmental impairment, while environmental factors such as maternal mental illness, low socioeconomic status, and inadequate access to early intervention are key modifiable determinants[3,4]. An earlier narrative review by this group synthesized 20 clinical trials and prospective studies from 1990-2019, demonstrating that risk factors clustered into clinical procedures and environmental/psychosocial domains.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and a new wave of large cohort studies and trials since 2020 have further clarified the roles of service disruption, early intervention models, and socioeconomic gradients in shaping child development. This updated review aims to: (1) Summarize clinical procedures and perinatal complications associated with DD in children < 18 years from 1990 to 2025; (2) Describe environmental and psychosocial risk factors, including maternal mental health and socioeconomic status; and (3) Integrate post-2020 evidence on early intervention, telehealth, and the developmental impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with implications for pediatric practice and policy. Unlike previous reviews that focused mainly on clinical or environmental factors in isolation, this review explicitly integrates pre-pandemic and contemporary evidence (2020-2025) - including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic - and synthesizes procedural, environmental, and psychosocial risk factors into a single interpretative framework.
METHODOLOGY
A narrative review was conducted using the SPIDER framework (Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type) to guide question formulation, search strategy, and eligibility criteria, as an alternative to PICO for heterogeneous designs[3]. Thematic synthesis was used to integrate findings across clinical and environmental domains.
SEARCH STRATEGY AND ELIGIBILITY (1990-2019)
For the original review, PubMed was searched on July 30, 2019 using the following strategy: “Developmental Disabilities” AND “Risk Factors” AND Clinical Trial AND (infant OR child OR adolescent), restricted to January 1990 to July 2019 and English or Spanish. Inclusion criteria were: (1) Clinical trials or closely related designs evaluating DD risk factors; (2) Participants < 18 years; (3) Standardized developmental outcome measures; and (4) Peer-reviewed, full-text availability in English or Spanish. Validation studies of instruments, case series with < 10 participants, non-peer-reviewed literature, and studies focusing solely on treatment efficacy without explicit risk factor analysis were excluded.
SEARCH UPDATE (2020-2025)
An updated search through December 2025 retained the original strategy and added terms for “congenital heart disease” and “neurodevelopmental outcomes”, “maternal mental health” and “child development”, “early intervention” and “developmental disabilities”, “telehealth”, and “COVID-19” with “neurodevelopment” or “developmental delay” in infants and young children. Additional population screening cohorts from Asia/Europe (China, South Korea, Türkiye, Scotland) were selected for population representativeness, sample size, and standardized assessment of development, allowing examination of transnational trends in the context of the pandemic. Human studies in individuals < 18 years, in English or Spanish, were included. Systematic reviews and practice guidelines were considered when they synthesized primary studies relevant to clinical or environmental risk factors or early intervention.
STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION
Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, retrieved full texts of potentially eligible studies, and resolved disagreements by consensus; if persistent, a third reviewer (Botero Carvajal A) made the final decision. For each included study, data were extracted on setting, design, sample size, age range, exposures or interventions, developmental assessment tools, follow-up duration, and key outcomes, including effect estimates when available. Studies were categorized into clinical procedural risks, environmental and psychosocial factors, early intervention, and COVID-19-related developmental outcomes.
QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS AND SYNTHESIS
Formal risk-of-bias tools and GRADE ratings were not systematically applied given the narrative design; instead, methodological features (design, sample size, follow-up completeness, confounder adjustment, use of validated instruments) were considered qualitatively when interpreting findings. Thematic synthesis was applied within each domain to identify convergent patterns, plausible mechanisms, and implications for clinical practice and policy.
OVERVIEW OF INCLUDED EVIDENCE
The final synthesis included 32 primary studies: 19 clinical trials and prospective cohorts focused on clinical procedures and perinatal complications, and 13 studies addressing environmental/psychosocial factors and early intervention (including 3 cluster randomized trials, 2 systematic reviews, and 8 population-based cohorts). These 32 studies enrolled more than 100000 participants in clinical trials and direct follow-up studies, with additional evidence from large registry-based and population-screened cohorts contributing approximately 1.8 million children, plus four large COVID-era screening cohorts (> 2 million additional children across Asia/Europe) spanning high-, middle-, and low-income settings. Evidence clusters into three main areas: (1) Clinical procedures and perinatal complications; (2) Environmental and psychosocial risk factors and early intervention; and (3) Developmental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The key studies are summarized in Table 1[5-15].
Table 1 Summary of key studies included in the narrative review.
Cardiac surgery is the most extensively studied clinical exposure for neurodevelopmental outcomes[5,16]. In infants undergoing complex congenital heart surgery, mean psychomotor and cognitive scores at early follow-up are consistently below population norms. In cohorts of children who underwent the Norwood procedure or related single-ventricle palliation, mean psychomotor development index values commonly ranged 57-74, and mental development index values 89-91, significantly lower than the normative mean of 100[6]. A large contemporary cohort from India (n > 1000 infants) reported that approximately one quarter had motor delay and more than 15% had cognitive delay early after cardiac surgery[7].
Independent predictors of poorer motor outcomes included low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), longer intensive care unit stays, more prolonged mechanical ventilation, and a higher number of complications in the first year after discharge[17]. Lower maternal education, male sex, longer ventilation, and more frequent post-discharge complications predicted worse cognitive scores, whereas intraoperative perfusion strategy and other operative details were not consistently associated with outcomes after adjustment[5]. A trial on deep hypothermic circulatory arrest showed a non-linear relationship between arrest duration and late outcomes, with increased risk when arrest exceeded approximately 40 minutes[18].
These findings suggest that perioperative complexity and postoperative morbidity, rather than surgical technique alone, drive developmental risk. Structured neuroprotective intensive care pathways have been associated with improved early cognitive scores, highlighting modifiable aspects of care.
Other neonatal procedures and complications
In hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, secondary analyses of therapeutic hypothermia trials show that 10-minute Apgar scores and initial encephalopathy grade strongly predict death or disability at 6-7 years[19,20]. Children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have mean cognitive, language, and motor scores modestly below norms (means approximately 93-95)[21]. Fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome reduces mortality but is associated with elevated risk of later cognitive difficulties[18].
Randomized trials of inhaled nitric oxide in ventilated preterm infants suggest improved survival without severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years[22-24]. In contrast, early postnatal dexamethasone in very preterm infants is consistently linked to higher rates of cerebral palsy and developmental delay[25,26]. Emerging data indicate that neonatal opioid exposure beyond approximately one week is associated with more frequent moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 5 years[27,28].
ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, EARLY INTERVENTION, AND TELEHEALTH
Maternal mental health
Maternal mental illness emerges as one of the most robust environmental predictors of developmental risk. A community-based Canadian cohort of more than 600 mother-child pairs found that maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum were independently associated with fine motor delay at 18 months, with adjusted odds ratios above 4[29]. A large Japanese population-based cohort of over 64000 mother-child pairs showed that maternal histories of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder were associated with roughly threefold higher odds of gross motor and problem-solving delay in children aged 0-3 years[11,30]. Proposed mechanisms include increased fetal exposure to stress hormones, disruptions in early attachment, and reduced parental engagement in play and learning activities[31,32].
Socioeconomic status and cumulative risk
Socioeconomic disadvantage is consistently associated with poorer developmental outcomes. In a large preterm cohort, the combination of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity predicted substantially higher odds of neurodevelopmental impairment, with effect sizes notably larger among children from low-income families[33,34]. Cumulative risk models indicate that children with three or more risk factors (e.g., male sex, recurrent ear infections, low socioeconomic status, maternal history of abuse) have roughly double to triple the probability of high developmental risk compared with those with none or few[35-37].
Early intervention and parent-mediated care
A broad range of early intervention programs show beneficial effects on developmental outcomes. A large cluster randomized trial in India involving 13500 pregnant women and their children found that a community-based multidomain intervention reduced developmental delays by roughly one third to nearly three quarters across cognitive, language, and socio-emotional domains[8]. A randomized trial in Brazil demonstrated that parent-guided developmental intervention for very preterm infants improved Bayley-III cognitive, language, and motor scores by approximately 6-7 points at 18 months[9]. A systematic review and meta-analysis of telehealth-delivered early intervention found that more than half of children with autism achieved improvements of at least one standard deviation in developmental quotients, with outcomes broadly comparable to in-person services[12,38].
COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES
Analyses of large national screening datasets in China, South Korea, Türkiye, and Scotland show increased rates of developmental concerns during and after the pandemic, particularly in communication and social-emotional domains, compared with pre-pandemic cohorts[13-15]. In contrast, gross motor and general cognitive domains appear less consistently affected across studies[15]. These patterns suggest that reduced social interaction, interruptions in early education and intervention services, and heightened parental stress are key pathways by which pandemic conditions have affected development, with more pronounced effects among children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families.
DISCUSSION
Clinical procedures as modifiable risk contexts
This updated narrative review confirms that DD in children arise from complex interactions between biological vulnerability, medical care exposures, and environmental or psychosocial conditions. Clinical procedures such as cardiac surgery, neonatal encephalopathy, and severe respiratory disease confer substantial risk for later developmental delay, but the magnitude and expression of this risk are strongly shaped by perioperative and postnatal care, as well as by family and social environments.
Across studies, cardiac surgery remains the most extensively examined clinical exposure for neurodevelopmental outcomes. Mean cognitive and motor scores after complex congenital heart surgery are consistently below population norms, with motor outcomes often more impaired. Perioperative characteristics such as low birth weight, longer intensive care stays, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and higher postoperative complication burden, together with maternal education and family resources, more consistently predict outcomes than specific operative strategies (e.g., perfusion method or duration of circulatory arrest) once confounders are considered. These findings suggest that high-risk cardiac and neonatal procedures should be viewed as modifiable developmental risk contexts, where optimization of intensive care practices, pain management, and early developmental follow-up offers meaningful opportunities to mitigate risk, rather than as unchangeable determinants of disability.
Other neonatal procedures and complications show similar profiles, with substantial average risk but wide variation shaped by illness severity, comorbidities, and social context. Therapeutic hypothermia improves survival without disability in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, yet initial Apgar scores and encephalopathy grade remain important prognostic indicators. Inhaled nitric oxide appears to reduce adverse neurodevelopment primarily by preventing chronic lung disease and associated brain injury, whereas early postnatal dexamethasone increases cerebral palsy and developmental delay. Prolonged neonatal opioid exposure has emerged as a potentially modifiable risk factor for adverse neurodevelopment, although more work is needed to define safe exposure thresholds and to balance effective analgesia with neuroprotection. Overall, the evidence supports minimizing avoidable iatrogenic exposures, shortening intensive care stays when clinically safe, and systematically coupling high-risk neonatal care with structured developmental surveillance and early intervention[39].
Environmental and psychosocial determinants
Environmental and psychosocial determinants consistently emerge as major contributors to developmental risk. Maternal mental illness - including depression, anxiety, and severe psychiatric disorders - is repeatedly associated with increased risk of cognitive, language, motor, and socio-emotional difficulties, with effect sizes in several large cohorts comparable to or greater than those of many individual medical risk factors. Mechanisms likely include prenatal stress physiology and postpartum caregiving processes, including attachment, stimulation, and household organization. Evidence that treatment of maternal mental health problems attenuates developmental risk reinforces the preventive potential of integrating mental health care into routine maternal and child health services.
Socioeconomic status, neighborhood deprivation, and cumulative psychosocial risk also play central roles. Poverty amplifies the neurodevelopmental impact of medical complications, such that children with similar neonatal morbidities experience worse outcomes in low-income families and communities than in more advantaged settings. Cumulative risk models show that multiple co-occurring adversities significantly increase the probability of developmental concerns, while the absence of psychosocial risks can buffer medically vulnerable children. Markers such as persistent enuresis and high rates of consanguinity in certain populations further highlight the importance of early developmental monitoring and genetic counseling where appropriate. These patterns support a life-course and equity-oriented approach in which medical risk is always interpreted in context rather than in isolation.
Early intervention and parent-mediated care
Evidence accumulated over several decades and strengthened by recent trials shows that early, multidomain, family-centered interventions can meaningfully alter developmental trajectories. Community-based programs that combine nutritional support, maternal mental health screening and treatment, and structured developmental stimulation delivered by trained community workers have reduced the proportion of children with developmental delay across cognitive, language, and socio-emotional domains, with benefits persisting through at least preschool age. Parent-guided interventions for very preterm infants have yielded modest but clinically important improvements in Bayley-III scores at 18 months, and follow-up studies indicate sustained benefits at 5-6 years. Meta-analyses suggest that effect sizes are typically in the moderate range when interventions begin early, engage caregivers actively, and target more than one developmental domain[40].
Telehealth-delivered early intervention has emerged as an important modality for expanding access, particularly in rural or underserved regions. Systematic reviews show that for many children with or at risk for DD, telehealth models achieve developmental gains broadly comparable to in-person services while reducing barriers related to travel, time, and cost. Parent-mediated programs delivered via videoconferencing for autism spectrum disorder and other developmental conditions improve communication, social interaction, and adaptive skills, illustrating the potential of remote caregiver coaching. These findings support incorporating telehealth into routine early intervention systems as a complement to - not a replacement for - face-to-face services.
COVID-19 pandemic and developmental risk
The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the sensitivity of early development to broad social disruptions. Large national and regional cohorts in Asia and Europe have documented higher rates of developmental concerns - particularly in language and social-emotional domains - among children whose early years overlapped with lockdowns and service disruptions compared with those assessed before the pandemic. Effects on gross motor and general cognitive domains appear smaller and less consistent. Available evidence points primarily to indirect mechanisms - reduced peer interaction, interruptions in early education and intervention services, and increased parental stress and economic hardship - rather than direct neurotropic effects of syndrome coronavirus 2 in most cases. Pandemic-related developmental impacts are not evenly distributed, with more pronounced effects among children from disadvantaged families, suggesting that COVID-19 has widened pre-existing inequities in developmental risk.
Strengths, limitations, and evidence-informed implications
This review integrates earlier trial evidence with more recent large-scale cohort studies and explicitly considers both clinical and environmental determinants of DD through 2025. By organizing findings thematically and linking risk factors to intervention opportunities, it offers a framework to support pediatric practice and policy decisions. However, several limitations warrant caution. First, as a narrative synthesis without formal risk-of-bias scoring or meta-analysis, the strength of evidence varies across studies, and effect estimates should be interpreted carefully, especially when derived from single studies or specific populations. Second, heterogeneity in developmental assessment tools, follow-up durations, and analytic strategies limits direct comparability and precludes robust pooled estimates for many risk factors. Third, the included literature is dominated by high-income countries, even though the greatest burden of DD is borne by children in low- and middle-income settings. Fourth, long-term outcomes into adolescence and adulthood remain incompletely characterized for many exposures and interventions. Finally, potential publication bias - where studies with positive or significant findings are more likely to be published - may influence the overall picture of risk and intervention effectiveness.
Despite these limitations, the accumulated evidence supports several implications for practice and policy: Pediatric and perinatal services should integrate systematic developmental surveillance and risk assessment into routine care for children exposed to complex neonatal and surgical procedures, with clear referral pathways to early intervention. Prenatal and postnatal care packages should include validated mental health screening and treatment for mothers and caregivers, given the strong links between caregiver mental health and child development. Early intervention systems may benefit from expansion and redesign to ensure equitable access to multidomain, family-centered supports, including telehealth components - particularly for families in disadvantaged contexts and for children whose early life overlapped with the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, multicountry cohorts with standardized developmental assessments and implementation studies examining how best to scale effective interventions in resource-constrained settings.
CONCLUSION
This narrative review underscores that DD in children result from the convergence of biological vulnerability, complex medical care, and environmental and psychosocial conditions. Clinical procedures such as cardiac surgery and neonatal intensive care exposures are consistently associated with elevated risk, but perioperative morbidity, intensive care duration, and family resources often outweigh specific technical factors in predicting outcomes. Concurrently, maternal mental health, socioeconomic disadvantage, and cumulative psychosocial risk emerge as potent - and often modifiable - determinants of developmental trajectory.
The evidence supports three actionable priorities for clinicians, health systems, and researchers: Integrate systematic developmental surveillance into pediatric and perinatal care pathways, especially for children undergoing high-risk procedures or born into adverse environments. Embed routine prenatal and postnatal mental health assessment and treatment within maternal and child health services to mitigate a major source of preventable developmental risk. Expand equitable access to early, multidomain, family-centered interventions - including telehealth-enabled models - with particular focus on socially disadvantaged families and on cohorts affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking forward, longitudinal and implementation research - particularly in low- and middle-income countries - is needed to refine risk stratification, optimize intervention timing and content, and guide scalable policies that can reduce the global burden of DD while promoting developmental equity across regions and populations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the Universidad Santiago de Cali Dirección General de Investigaciones for supporting this research through project 450-621118-111 examining the effects of Zika virus on neurodevelopment in vulnerable populations of Valle del Cauca. The authors thank the research teams and families whose participation made the reviewed studies possible.
Newburger JW, Sleeper LA, Bellinger DC, Goldberg CS, Tabbutt S, Lu M, Mussatto KA, Williams IA, Gustafson KE, Mital S, Pike N, Sood E, Mahle WT, Cooper DS, Dunbar-Masterson C, Krawczeski CD, Lewis A, Menon SC, Pemberton VL, Ravishankar C, Atz TW, Ohye RG, Gaynor JW; Pediatric Heart Network Investigators. Early developmental outcome in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and related anomalies: the single ventricle reconstruction trial.Circulation. 2012;125:2081-2091.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in Crossref: 232][Cited by in RCA: 292][Article Influence: 20.9][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Raj M, Chattopadhyay A, Gupta SK, Jain S, Sastry UMK, Sudevan R, Sharma M, Pragya P, Shivashankar R, Sudhakar A, Radhakrishnan A, Parveen S, Patil S, Naik S, Das S, Kumar RK. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after infant heart surgery for congenital heart disease: a hospital-based multicentre prospective cohort study from India.BMJ Paediatr Open. 2025;9:e002943.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in RCA: 7][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Upadhyay RP, Taneja S, Chowdhury R, Dhabhai N, Sapra S, Mazumder S, Sharma S, Tomlinson M, Dua T, Chellani H, Dewan R, Mittal P, Bhan MK, Bhandari N; Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study (WINGS) Group. Child Neurodevelopment After Multidomain Interventions From Preconception Through Early Childhood: The WINGS Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA. 2024;331:28-37.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in Crossref: 2][Cited by in RCA: 15][Article Influence: 7.5][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Ait Belkacem N, Gorgui J, Tchuente V, Aubin D, Lippé S, Bérard A. Maternal Mental Health in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Children's Cognitive Development at 18 Months, during the COVID-19 Pandemic (CONCEPTION Study).J Clin Med. 2024;13.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in RCA: 2][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Ohara N, Mitsuda N, Yamasaki K, Eitoku M, Suganuma N, Komatsu S, Kazui H, Takahashi H; and the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Association between maternal history of mental illness and neurodevelopment of children during the first 3 years: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.PCN Rep. 2025;4:e70073.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text] [Full Text (PDF)][Cited by in RCA: 1][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Mahle WT, Lu M, Ohye RG, William Gaynor J, Goldberg CS, Sleeper LA, Pemberton VL, Mussatto KA, Williams IA, Sood E, Krawczeski CD, Lewis A, Mirarchi N, Scheurer M, Pasquali SK, Pinto N, Jacobs JP, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW. A predictive model for neurodevelopmental outcome after the Norwood procedure.Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34:327-333.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in Crossref: 26][Cited by in RCA: 40][Article Influence: 3.1][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Natarajan G, Pappas A, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Walsh M, McDonald SA, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson JE, Goldberg RN, Bara R, Higgins RD, Das A, Munoz B. Effect of inborn vs. outborn delivery on neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: secondary analyses of the NICHD whole-body cooling trial.Pediatr Res. 2012;72:414-419.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in Crossref: 30][Cited by in RCA: 53][Article Influence: 3.8][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Natarajan G, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Pappas A, Bann CM, McDonald SA, Das A, Higgins RD, Hintz SR, Vohr BR; Extended Hypothermia Subcommittee of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Apgar scores at 10 min and outcomes at 6-7 years following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98:F473-F479.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text][Cited by in Crossref: 69][Cited by in RCA: 76][Article Influence: 5.8][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
GBD 2023 Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence against Children Collaborators. Disease burden attributable to intimate partner violence against females and sexual violence against children in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Lancet. 2026;407:31-52.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text] [Full Text (PDF)][Cited by in Crossref: 6][Cited by in RCA: 10][Article Influence: 10.0][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Nanyunja C, Sadoo S, Kohli-Lynch M, Nalugya R, Nyonyintono J, Muhumuza A, Katumba KR, Trautner E, Magnusson B, Kabugo D, Cowan FM, Zuurmond M, Morgan C, Lester D, Seeley J, Webb EL, Otai C, Greco G, Nampijja M, Tann CJ. Early care and support for young children with developmental disabilities and their caregivers in Uganda: The Baby Ubuntu feasibility trial.Front Pediatr. 2022;10:981976.
[RCA] [PubMed] [DOI] [Full Text] [Full Text (PDF)][Cited by in Crossref: 7][Cited by in RCA: 23][Article Influence: 5.8][Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
Footnotes
Peer review: Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Specialty type: Pediatrics
Country of origin: Colombia
Peer-review report’s classification
Scientific quality: Grade B, Grade B
Novelty: Grade B, Grade B
Creativity or innovation: Grade B, Grade C
Scientific significance: Grade B, Grade B
P-Reviewer: Khan A, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow, Pakistan S-Editor: Hu XY L-Editor: A P-Editor: Wang WB
