Impact of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 on early-life gut microbial diversity

Figure 1 Consort flow diagram. Predominantly breastfeeding; receiving at least 80% of total feeds as breast milk. L. reuteri: Limosilactobacillus reuteri.

Figure 2 Bacterial diversity in stool specimens of the subgroup placebo-caesarean section, placebo-normal labor, Limosilactobacillus reuteri-caesarean section, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri-normal labor across different time points at 1, 2, and 4 months. A-C: The bacterial alpha diversity within samples was calculated based on richness (Chao 1 index); D-F: The bacterial alpha diversity within samples was calculated based on richness and evenness (Shannon index); G-I: The bacterial beta diversity within samples was calculated based on dissimilarity. ^aP < 0.001 and ^bP < 0.05. NL: Normal labor; CS: Caesarean section; PC1: Principal coordinates 1; PC2: Principal coordinates 2.

Figure 3 Most abundant bacterial taxa in stool specimens of subgroup placebo-caesarean section, placebo-normal labor, Limosilactobacillus reuteri-caesarean section, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri-normal labor across different time points at 1, 2, 4 months. A: Phylum level; B: Genus level (Top10); C: Species level (Top10). NL: Normal labor; CS: Caesarean section.

Figure 4 Box-and-whisker plots showing the percentage of relative abundance of bacterium taxa identified by Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size analysis in each subgroup placebo-caesarean section, placebo-normal labor, Limosilactobacillus reuteri-caesarean section, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri-normal labor across different time points at 1, 2, 4 months. A-D: Bifidobacterium spp. in each group; E-H: Lactobacillus spp. in each group; I-L: Hungatella hathewayi in each group. Box-and-whisker plots display the median, the minimum, and the maximum values. NL: Normal labor; CS: Caesarean section.