Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic differences between immunoglobulin E-mediated and non-immunoglobulin E-mediated cow’s milk protein allergy in children

Figure 1 Incidence of cow’s milk protein allergy in children attended Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain, 2014-2022. IgE: Immunoglobulin E.

Figure 2 Flow chart of children with suspected cow’s milk protein allergy who attended pediatric gastroenterology clinics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain, 2014-2022. CMPA: Cow’s milk protein allergy; IgE: Immunoglobulin E.

Figure 3 Examples of clinical presentation of infants with cow’s milk protein allergy. A: A four-month-old infant with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) and facial eczema at presentation; B: The same patient after changing to extensively hydrolyzed formula feeding; C: Another four-month-old infant with eczema in the forehead; D: The same infant with peri umbilical erythematous lesion (arrow); E: Stool of an infant with CMPA before treatment; F: Stool of the patient after starting extensively hydrolyzed formula.