Anticataractogenic effect of hesperidin in galactose-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rats

Table 1 Effect of hesperidin on glucose profile in the serum of normal and treated rats

Enzymes analyzed (unit of activity)	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V
Glucose (mg/dL)	122.36 ± 2.55	191.53 ± 4.69a	166.52 ± 5.47b	134.73 ± 4.89b	122.86 ± 4.52a

Each value represents the mean ± SD of observation made on samples from six animals from the same group. Statistical analysis was performed by the student t-test. Letter “a” and “b” indicate that the difference observed between the Groups I and II or between III, IV, V or are statistically significant at

^bP < 0.001 and

^aP < 0.05.

Table 2 Effect of hesperidin on free radical generation in the eye lens of albino rats exposed to galactose

Free radical analyzed (unit of activity)	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V
Nitrite (nmol/g wet weight)	13.19 ± 1.69	36.00 ± 5.49a	29.58 ± 3.13b	22.11 ± 3.84b	14.62 ± 3.29a
Hydroxyl radical (OD 510 nm/30 min)	1.84 ± 0.46	4.78 ± 1.58a	3.41 ± 0.59b	3.08 ± 0.80b	2.24 ± 0.39a

Each value represents the mean ± SD of observation made on samples from six animals from the same group. Statistical analysis was performed by the student t-test. Letter “a” and “b” indicate that the difference observed between the Groups I and II or between III, IV, V or are statistically significant at

^bP < 0.001 and

^aP < 0.05.

Table 3 Quantitative analysis of enzymatic antioxidants in eye lens of albino rats

Enzymes analyzed (unit of activity)	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V
Superoxide dismutase (units/mg protein)	8.59 ± 1.02	3.29 ± 0.67a	3.95 ± 0.68b	5.51 ± 0.95b	7.90 ± 0.62a
Catalase (μmol H2O2 consumed/mg protein/min)	21.16 ± 3.02	10.59 ± 2.12a	12.75 ± 3.42b	14.4 ± 3.45b	18.93 ± 3.76a
Glutathione peroxidase (μmol glutathione oxidized/mg protein/min)	76.80 ± 5.44	38.81 ± 6.61a	50.05 ± 7.90b	61.50 ± 3.43b	69.82 ± 4.19a
Glutathione-S-transferase (μmol H2O2 consumed/protein/min)	13.20 ± 2.44	6.03 ± 1.00a	7.41 ± 1.01b	8.96 ± 1.60b	11.44 ± 1.12a

Each value represents the mean ± SD of observation made on samples from six animals from the same group. Statistical analysis was performed by the student t-test. Letter “a” and “b” indicate that the difference observed between the Groups I and II or between III, IV, V or are statistically significant at

^bP < 0.001 and

^aP < 0.05.

Table 4 Quantitative analysis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in eye lens of albino rats

Enzymes analyzed (unit of activity)	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V
Reduced glutathione (μmol/g wet)	8.37 ± 1.78	3.77 ± 1.04a	4.06 ± 1.48b	4.93 ± 0.76b	7.24 ± 0.91a
Vitamin E (μg/mg protein)	3.79 ± 0.84	1.34 ± 0.41a	1.68 ± 0.27b	2.03 ± 0.13b	2.79 ± 0.50a

Each value represents the mean ± SD of observation made on samples from six animals from the same group. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student t-test. Asterisks indicate that the difference observed between the Groups I and II or between III, IV, V or are statistically significant at

^bP < 0.001 and

^aP < 0.05.

Table 5 Aldose reductase activity and sorbitol levels in the eye lens of albino rats

Groups	Lens aldose reductase activity (nmol NADPH/min per milligram protein)	Lens sorbitol (µmol/L per gram)
I	19.67 ± 2.05	0.18 ± 0.001
II	28.34 ± 1.48a	2.0097 ± 0.008a
III	26.62 ± 2.22b	1.77 ± 0.005b
IV	24.18 ± 1.34b	1. 43 ± 0.003b
V	20.25 ± 1.69a	0.938 ± 0.007a

Each value represents the mean ± SD of observation made on samples from six animals from the same group. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student t-test. Asterisks indicate that the difference observed between the Groups I and II or between III, IV, V or are statistically significant at

^aP < 0.001 and

^bP < 0.05.