Apoptosis and endometrial receptivity: Relationship with in vitro fertilization treatment outcome

Table 1 Regulation of apoptosis in normal endometrium during menstrual cycle

Proliferative phase		Secretory phase
Increasedexpression	Inhibited expression	Increased expression	Inhibited expression
Bcl-2	p53	BAX	Bcl-2
Fas, FasL	PTEN	Fas, FasL
	PPARγ	TRAIL-R
	DFF45	PTEN
		Caspase-3
		PPARγ
		DFF 45

Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; DFF45: DNA fragmentation factor of 45 kDa.

Table 2 Expression of apoptosis-related genes in the endometrium of women with fertility problems during window of implantation

Clinical group	Studied gene	Character of expression	Ref.
Chronic endometritis	Bcl-2	Up-regulated	Yan et al[64]
	BAX	Up-regulated
	Caspase-8	Down-regulated
Unexplained infertility	Bcl-2	Strong immunoreactivity	Vatansever et al[66]
	p53	Weak immunoreactivity
RIF	miR 145, 23b,99a (involved in p53 signaling)	Over expressed	Revel[12]
PCOS	Bcl-2 and p27	Increased expression	Gonzalez et al[63]
	FADD	Down-regulated	Yan et al[64]
Tubal factor	PTEN, XIAP, HSP27	Increased expression	Antsiferova et al[74]
Endometriosis	Bcl-2	Up-regulated	Jones et al[71]; Harada[32]; Nasu et al[28]
	IAP-proteins (c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP, Survivin)	Up-regulated	Antsiferova et al[74]; Uegaki et al[73]
	DFF45	Low level	Banas et al[48]

Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2; RIF: Repeated implantation failure; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; FADD: Fas-associated death domain; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; XIAP: X-linked inhibitors apoptosis proteins; DFF45: DNA fragmentation factor of 45 kDa.