Swine model in transplant research: Review of anaesthesia and perioperative management

Table 1 Normal cardiorespiratory parameters of adult and healthy pigs during anaesthesia

Parameter	Range	Parameter	Range
Heart rate (beats/min)	50-100	Temperature (°C)	36-38
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)	10-20	Haemoglobin (g/dL)	11-16
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	80-140	Et CO2 (mmHg)	40-45 (mechanical ventilation)
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	60-120	Arterial pH	7.38-7.50
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)	40-70	PaO2 (mmHg)	> 70-80
Cardiac output (mL/kg per minute)	60-140	PaCO2 (mmHg)	35-50 (mechanical ventilation)

EtCO₂: End-tidal of carbon dioxide; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO₂: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Table 2 Intramuscular preanaesthetic combinations for transplantation surgery in pigs

Dissociative	Sedative	Analgesic (optional)	Time induction	Duration of anaesthesia
Ketamine	Medetomidine	Morphine	5-20 min	40-60 min
(5-15 mg/kg),	(5-20 mcg/kg),	(0.3-0.5 mg/kg),
or	or	or
Tiletamine-zolazepam	Romifidine	Methadone
(5-10 mg/kg)	(60-100 mcg/kg),	(0.3-0.5 mg/kg)
	or
	Dexmedetomidine
	(5-20 mcg/kg)

Table 3 Intravenous anaesthetic induction in pigs

Anaesthetic	Intravenous doses
Propofol	2-5 mg/kg
Ketamine	2-10 mg/kg
Tiopenthone	5-15 mg/kg

Table 4 Minimal alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetics in pigs

Anaesthetic	Minimal alveolar concentration
Isoflurane	1.2-2.0
Sevoflurane	2.2-3.5
Desflurane	8.3-10

Table 5 Mechanical ventilation settings for pigs

Tidal volume	10-15 mL/kg
Respiratory rate	10-15 breaths/min
Maximum airway pressure recommendable	20 cm H2O
Normocapnia (end-tidal CO2 concentration)	40-45 mmHg

Table 6 Recommended doses of constant rate infusion of drugs in pigs

Drugs	Bolus intravenous	Constant rate infusion
Fentanyl	3-10 μ/kg	10-30 μg/kg per hour
Remifentanyl	10 μ/kg	10-50 μg/kg per hour
Morphine	0.1-0.3 mg/kg	0.1-0.3 mg/kg per hour
Dexmedetomidine	0.5-1 μ/kg	0.5-1 μg/kg per hour
Medetomidine	1-2 μ/kg	1-2 μg/kg per hour
Ketamine	0.5-2 mg/kg	0.1-2 mg/kg per hour
Lidocaine	2 mg/kg	1-3 mg/kg per hour
Midazolam	0.2-0.4 mg/kg	0.2-0.4 mg/kg per hour