Phantom limb pain: A review of evidence-based treatment options

Table 1 Treatment options for phantom limb pain

Physical therapies	Desensitization
	Prosthesis use
	Stump stocking,
	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
	Mirror therapy
Behavioral and psychological therapies	Stress-relaxation Techniques
	Hypnosis
	Electroconvulsive therapy
Antidepressants	Tricyclic antidepressants
	Sodium channel blockers
	Amitriptyline and tramadol
Anticonvulsants	Carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, gabapentin,
	Combined duloxetine and pregabalin
Opioids	Methadone
	Morphine
NMDA receptor antagonists	Ketamine, dextromethorphan
Others	Beta-adrenergic blockers
	Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
	Capsaicin cream
	Salmon-calcitonin
Central nervous system	Deep brain stimulation
	Motor cortex stimulation
	Stereotactaxis lesions,
	Spinal cord stimulation
	Intrathecal implantable devices
	Cordotomy
Peripheral nervous system	Bupivacaine blocks
	Brachial plexus analgesia
	Nerve sheath catheter analgesia,
	Contralateral Bupivacaine Injection
	Neuroablative procedures
Musculoskeletal system	Neurosclerosis
	Acupuncture,
	Neurotoxin
	Lidocaine/depomedrol injection