Ultrasound-assisted musculoskeletal procedures: A practical overview of current literature

Table 1 Ultrasound-guided tendon and articular injections: indications and contraindications

Indications	Contraindications
Tendinopathy	Rash over injection site
Achilles tendinitis
Trigger finger
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Lateral epicondylitis
Rotator cuff tendinopathy
Dequervain tenosynovitis
Bursitis	Infection over injection site or obstructing injection path
Trochanteric bursitis
Olecranon bursitis
	Tumor over injection site or obstructing injection path

Table 2 Ultrasound-guided tissue biopsy: indications and contraindications

Indications	Contraindications
Solitary bone lesion with indeterminate imaging characteristics	Infection on overlying site
New bone lesion in patient withknown primary tumor	Rash on overlying site (relative)
Determine tumor recurrence	Uncorrected bleeding diathesis (relative)
Evaluate etiology of vertebralbody compression fracture	Decreased platelet count (relative)
Determine infectious organismin chronic wound	Inaccessible site (relative)
Determine infectious organismin osteomyelitis

Table 3 Ultrasound-guided drainage and catheter insertion: indications and contraindications

Indications	Contraindications
Undiagnosed soft tissue collection	Infection on overlying site
Cyst
Abscess
Hematoma
Diagnosis of Abscess	Rash on overlying site (relative)
Obtain fluid for determinationof causative organism
Treatment of known abscess	Tumor on overlying site (relative)
Aspiration
Placement of drainage catheter(if feasible)
Aspiration of Cyst
Ganglion cyst
Synovial cyst
Determination of causative organism for osteomyelitis

Table 4 Soft tissue infections identifiable on sonography

Cellulitis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Infective bursitis
Infective tenosynovitis
Pyomyositis
Abscess
Hydatid or Tuberculous cysts
Septic arthritis
Post-operative infection
Foreign body

Table 5 Percutaneous ultrasound-guided tenotomy: indications and contraindications

Indications	Contraindications
Chronic tendinosis refractory to conservative therapy	Infection on overlying site
Common extensor tendinosis
Achilles tendinopathy
Patellar tendinopathy
Iliotibialis tendinopathy
Trigger finger
Symptomatic tendon release	Tumor on overlying site
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Spastic cerebral palsy
Deformities of the foot
	Rash on overlying site (relative)