Early oral celecoxib prevents contracture and modulates capsular fibrosis in a validated model of post-traumatic arthrofibrosis

Table 1 Comparative analysis of biomechanical outcomes by groups, mean ± SD/median (interquartile range)

	Control		Celecoxib		Efficacy of celecoxib: Operated control vs operated celecoxib	Control (operated vs non-operated)	Celecoxib (operated vs non-operated)
	Non-operated limb	Operated limb	Non-operated limb	Operated limb
PEA-2 (º)	136.7 ± 29.5	107.5 ± 11.6	122.9 ± 28.6	124.5 ± 28.6	P = 0.259	P = 0.065	P = 0.891
PEA-4 (º)	153.4 ± 24.0	112.8 ± 35.2	145.0 ± 35.5	136.5 ± 29.4	P = 0.129	P = 0.011	P = 0.566
PEA-8 (º)	159.1 ± 22.6	123.7 ± 34.0	167.1 ± 37.0	162.4 ± 34.8	P = 0.026	P = 0.044	P = 0.769
PEA-failure (º)	204.6 (33.6)	138.1 (33.4)	229.4 (17)	222.5 (24.6)	P = 0.015	P = 0.043	P = 0.247
Failure torque (N·cm)	18.4 ± 8.9	21.2 ± 8.9)	32.3 ± 9.9	38.8 ± 11.1	P = 0.002	P = 0.588	P = 0.187
Elastic torque (N·cm)	13.1 ± 8.9	19.8 ± 8.9	29.1 ± 11.7	34.7 ± 11.6	P = 0.009	P = 0.063	P = 0.294
Stiffness (N·cm/º)	0.3 (0.4)	0.5 (0.4)	0.6 (0.4)	0.8 (0.8)	P = 0.637	P = 0.293	P = 0.579
Energy (N·cm·º)	1.1 (1.4)	0.9 (2.4)	2.2 (1.8)	3.7 (2.2)	P = 0.050	P = 0.463	P = 0.089

PEA: Passive extension angle.

Table 2 Comparative analysis of histological outcomes by groups, median (interquartile range)

		Control		Celecoxib		Efficacy of celecoxib: Operated control vs operated celecoxib	Control (operated vs non-operated)	Celecoxib (operated vs non-operated)
		Non-operated limb	Operated limb	Non-operated limb	Operated limb
Quantitative evaluation
Capsule area (mm2)	C	1.65 (0.75)	2.90 (2.47)	1.98 (1.86)	2.98 (2.60)	P = 0.805	P = 0.007	P = 0.128
	L	1.76 (1.64)	2.21 (1.42)	2.21 (0.60)	2.30 (1.10)	P = 0.710	P = 0.097	P = 0.805
Capsule thickness (mm)	C	0.53 (0.33)	0.84 (0.53)	0.55 (0.61)	1.22 (0.714)	P = 0.209	P = 0.007	P = 0.011
	L	0.43 (0.29)	0.68 (0.75)	0.68 (0.40)	0.51 (0.32)	P = 0.535	P = 0.073	P = 0.710
Semi-quantitative evaluation
Amount of fibrosis	C	0.5 (1.25)		2 (1)		P = 0.003
	L	1 (2)		1 (1)		P = 0.638
Fibrosis density	C	1.5 (1)		1 (1)		P = 0.606
	L	2 (1)		2 (1)		P = 1.00
Cellular density	C	1 (0.25)		2 (2)		P = 0.027
	L	1 (0)		2 (1)		P = 0.275
Cellular organization (disorganized)	C	6 (100%)		4 (57.1%)		P = 0.192
	L	6 (85.7%)		5 (83.3%)		P = 1.00
Cellular morphology	C	1 (0.25)		1 (1)		P = 0.327
	L	1 (0)		1 (0)		P = 0.593
Number of blood vessels	C	1 (0.5)		2 (1)		P = 0.030
	L	1 (1)		1 (0)		P = 0.389

C: Central section; L: Lateral section.