Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors

doi:10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695

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World Journal of Orthopedics

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2218-5836

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Orthop. Jun 18, 2026; 17(6): 119695
Published online Jun 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695

Table 1 Patient demographics, mean ± SD

Parameters	Statistics
Total patients (n)	146
Gender (n)
Female	81
Male	65
Age (year)	59.410 ± 13.931
BMI (kg/m²)	24.401 ± 3.416
Hypertension (n)
No	99
Yes	47
Diabetes mellitus (n)
No	124
Yes	22
Fusion level (n)
L3/L4	35
L4/L5	58
L5/S1	53
ASA (n)
1	41
2	51
3	50
4	4
Operating time (hours)	1.456 ± 0.507
PBV (L)	4.037 ± 0.702
TBL (mL)	352.704 ± 176.852
VBL (mL)	43.620 ± 19.301
HBL (mL)	309.088 ± 175.924
Hbpre (g/L)	137.310 ± 15.655
Hctpre (%)	40.910 ± 4.280
Hbpost (g/L)	125.040 ± 14.725
Hctpost (%)	37.440 ± 4.134
Hb loss (g/L)	12.320 ± 6.529
Hct loss (%)	3.469 ± 1.792
PT (second)	11.451 ± 1.389
APTT (second)	30.787 ± 17.115
Platelets (10⁹/L)	211.706 ± 61.040
FIB (g/L)	3.065 ± 0.715

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; PBV: Patient blood volume; TBL: Total blood loss; VBL: Visible blood loss; HBL: Hidden blood loss; Hbpre: Preoperative hemoglobin; Hctpre: Preoperative hematocrit; Hbpost: Postoperative hemoglobin; Hctpost: Postoperative hematocrit; Hb: Hemoglobin; Hct: Hematocrit; PT: Prothrombin time; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; FIB: Fibrinogen.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin following dual-media spinal surgery, mean ± SD

	Preoperative (n = 146)	Postoperative (n = 146)	P value
Hct (%)	40.910 ± 4.280	37.440 ± 4.134	P < 0.001^a
Hb (g/L)	137.310 ± 15.655	125.040 ± 14.725	P < 0.001^a

^aP < 0.001.

Hb: Hemoglobin; Hct: Hematocrit.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Results of the Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis

Parameters	Sig	P value
Gender	-0.139	0.094
Age	-0.112	0.176
BMI	0.041	0.627
Hypertension	-0.065	0.414
Diabetes mellitus	-0.052	0.536
Fusion level
L3/L4	-0.015	0.860
L4/L5	0.065	0.438
L5/S1	-0.052	0.529
ASA	-0.095	0.256
Operating time	0.654	< 0.001^b
PBV	0.101	0.225
TBL	0.994	< 0.001^b
VBL	-0.007	0.936
Hbpre	0.261	< 0.001^b
Hctpre	0.259	0.002^a
Hbpost	-0.112	0.179
Hctpost	-0.145	0.082
Hb loss	0.882	< 0.001^b
Hct loss	0.952	< 0.001^b
PT	-0.056	0.500
APTT	-0.236	0.004^a
Platelets	0.070	0.403
FIB	-0.696	< 0.001^b

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Results of multivariate linear regression analysis

Coefficients	Unstandardized β	SE	Standardized β	t	P value
Constant	360.269	106.949		3.369	0.001^a
Time	140.748	20.066	0.406	7.014	< 0.001^a
Hbpre	0.634	0.590	0.056	1.075	0.284
APTT	0.817	0.532	0.080	1.534	0.127
FIB	-120.016	14.230	-0.488	-8.434	< 0.001^a

^aP < 0.001.

Hbpre: Preoperative hemoglobin; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; FIB: Fibrinogen.

Full Size Table

Citation: Ye PH, Zhang H, Wu X, Zeng Y, Su SH. Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors. World J Orthop 2026; 17(6): 119695
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v17/i6/119695.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695

Ye PH, Zhang H, Wu X, Zeng Y, Su SH. Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors. World J Orthop 2026; 17(6): 119695 [DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i6.119695]

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