Hip arthroscopy trends and early postoperative outcomes: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program study from 2014-2023

Table 1 Patient demographic data and surgical variables

	Mean	Standard deviation	%
Age (years)	43.9	17.7
< 30 years			25.5
30-60 years			53.1
> 60 years			21.4
Operative time (minutes)	102.7	65.7
> 90			47.4
< 90			52.6
ASA class	2.04	0.79
I			25.8
II			47.9
III			23.0
IV			3.3
BMI (kg/m2)	28.3	6.3
< 18.5			2.2
18.5-25			28.2
25-30			36.8
> 30			32.8
Sex
Female			55.4
Male			44.6
Race
Asian			1.9
Black			5.5
Native American			0.2
White			55.3
Unknown/unreported			37.1
Anesthesia
General			84.2
Spinal			2.1
MAC			12.7
Regional			0.7
Epidural			0.3
Smoking
No			86.0
Yes			14.0
Steroid use
No			97.6
Yes			2.4

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; MAC: Monitored anesthesia care; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Complications experienced

Complication	n	%
Major complications
Return to operating room	16	0.48
Sepsis	13	0.39
Myocardial infarction	11	0.33
Pulmonary embolism	8	0.24
Dehiscence	6	0.18
Deep infection	5	0.15
Death	2	0.06
Cerebrovascular accident	1	0.03
Acute renal failure	1	0.03
Unplanned intubation	0	0
Cardiac arrest	0	0
Total major (including death)	63	1.88
Minor complications
Bleeding	71	2.12
Superficial infection	18	0.54
Deep venous thrombosis	18	0.54
Urinary tract infection	14	0.42
Pneumonia	2	0.06
Renal insufficiency	1	0.03
Total minor	124	3.70
Overall complications	187	5.58

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis, n (%)

	Total (n)	Events	Univariate			Multivariate
			Coefficient	95%CI	P value	Coefficient	95%CI	P value
Age (years)
< 30	853	35 (4.10)	-0.0096	-0.025 to 0.006	0.237
30-60	1778	50 (2.81)	-0.0346	-0.049 to -0.020	< 0.0001	-0.0178	-0.035 to -0.001	0.043
> 60	718	69 (9.61)	0.0606	0.044-0.077	< 0.0001	0.0002	-0.026 to 0.027	0.990
Sex (male)	1492	52 (3.49)	-0.0201	-0.034 to -0.006	0.006	-0.0165	-0.030 to -0.003	0.021
Smoking	469	20 (4.36)	-0.0039	-0.024 to 0.017	0.710
Steroid use	79	7 (8.86)	0.0437	-0.003 to 0.090	0.067
Hypertension meds	709	55 (7.76)	0.0401	0.023 to 0.057	< 0.001	0.0115	-0.008 to 0.031	0.251
Hx of CHF	13	2 (15.38)	0.1083	-0.006 to 0.222	0.063
Hx of COPD	40	5 (12.50)	0.0800	0.015 to 0.145	0.016	-0.0037	-0.068 to 0.061	0.910
Dialysis	2	1 (50.00)	0.4543	0.164 to 0.744	0.002	0.2167	-0.070 to 0.503	0.138
Preop transfusion	8	5 (62.50)	0.5804	0.436 to 0.724	< 0.001	0.4000	0.256 to 0.544	< 0.001
Functional status
Independent	3331	146 (4.38)	Ref
Partially dependent	17	8 (46.06)	0.4268	0.328-0.526	< 0.001	0.2849	0.183-0.386	< 0.001
Totally dependent	1	0 (0.00)	-0.0460	-0.457-0.365	0.826
Race
White	1844	74 (4.07)	Ref
Black	184	9 (4.89)	0.0031	-0.028 to 0.034	0.845
Asian	63	1 (1.59)	-0.0307	-0.083 to 0.022	0.249
American Indian	13	0 (0.00)	-0.0462	-0.160-0.068	0.428
Anesthesia
General	2819	116 (4.11)	Ref
Spinal	71	6 (8.45)	0.0394	-0.010 to 0.089	0.117
MAC/IV sedation	425	28 (6.59)	0.0228	0.001 to 0.044	0.036	-0.0092	-0.032 to 0.014	0.430
Regional	22	4 (18.18)	0.1367	0.049-0.224	0.002	0.1425	0.057 to 0.228	0.001
Epidural	11	0 (0.00)	-0.0461	-0.170 to 0.078	0.466
ASA class
1	863	21 (2.43)	Ref
2	1604	50 (3.12)	-0.0284	-0.043 to -0.014	< 0.001	0.0016	-0.015 to 0.019	0.856
3	771	54 (7.00)	0.0312	0.014 to 0.048	< 0.001	0.0349	0.011 to 0.058	0.004
4	109	28 (25.69)	0.2180	0.179 to 0.257	< 0.001	0.1930	0.149-0.237	< 0.001
Diabetes
No	3137	134 (4.27)	Ref
Non-insulin dependent	149	13 (8.72)	0.0432	0.009 to 0.078	0.014	0.0075	-0.028 to 0.043	0.677
Insulin dependent	63	7 (11.11)	0.0664	0.014 to 0.119	0.013	0.0040	-0.048 to 0.056	0.879

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; MAC: Monitored anesthesia care; Hx of CHF: History of congestive heart failure; Hx of COPD: History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.