High rates of return to sport following suture button fixation for ligamentous Lisfranc injuries: A systematic review

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Clinical studies evaluating outcomes associated with suture button fixation following ligamentous Lisfranc injuries	Non-clinical studies
Published in a peer review journal	Case reports
Written in English	Less than 5 patients
	Cadaveric studies
	Animal studies

Table 2 Study characteristics and patient demographics

Author	Level of evidence	Patients number	Ankles number	Follow-up (months)	Age (years)	Sex (Male/Female)	Traumatic Aetiology (sporting/non-sporting)	Time to surgery (weeks)
Charlton et al[17], 2015	4	7	7	25	24.6	1/6	7/0	5.3
Cho et al[14], 2021	3	31	31	16	40.9	18/13	15/16	Not recorded
Chun et al[18], 2021	4	12	12	13.2	31.6	7/5	Not recorded	2.8
Crates et al[19], 2015	4	11	11	33	Not recorded	Not recorded	Not recorded	Not recorded
Gee et al[15], 2019	3	6	6	12.3	29.7	5/1	Not recorded	Not recorded
Jain et al[20], 2017	4	5	5	24	22.1	5/0	5/0	Not recorded
Sullivan et al[16], 2022	4	12	12	42	21.1	9/3	12/0	5.3
Yongfei et al[21], 2021	4	11	11	20.5	35.4	8/3	3/8	0.6

Table 3 Clinical and functional outcomes

Author	Patients number	Feet number	Patient reported outcome measurement				Number return to sport (%)	Number return to pre-injury level (100%)	Time to return to sport (weeks)	Time to return to training (weeks)
			AOFAS		VAS
			Preop	Postop	Preop	Postop
Charlton et al[17], 2015	7	7	65	97	n/r	n/r	7	7	26	13
Cho et al[14], 2021	31	31	45.1	84.3	7.9	2.3	n/r	n/r	n/r	14
Chun et al[18], 2021	12	12	66.17	93.5	n/r	n/r	12	12	n/r	n/r
Crates et al[19], 2015	11	11	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	11	11	21.7	15
Gee et al[15], 2019	6	6	n/r	n/r	n/r	1.6	6	6	2	25.9
Jain et al[20], 2017	5	5	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	5	5	20.4	16.1
Sullivan et al[16], 2022	12	12	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	12	12	13.8	10.8
Yongfei et al[21], 2021	11	11	n/r	92.4	7.1	1.8	11	11	n/r	n/r

AOFAS: American orthopedic foot and ankle society; VAS: Visual analogue; n/r: Not recorded.

Table 4 Complications, failures, and secondary surgical procedures

Author	Patients number	Feet number	Complications	Failures	Secondary surgical procedures
Charlton et al[17], 2015	7	7	None	0	0
Cho et al[14], 2021	31	31	Bony erosions = 2	0	0
Chun et al[18], 2021	12	12	None	0	0
Crates et al[19], 2015	11	11	Not recorded	Not recorded	Not recorded
Gee et al[15], 2019	6	6	None	0	0
Jain et al[20], 2017	5	5	Transient deep peroneal nerve sensation = 1	0	0
Sullivan et al[16], 2022	12	12	Mid irritation from medial button = 1, Paraesthesia on dorsum of foot = 1	0	0
Yongfei et al[21], 2021	11	11	None	0	0