Normative values of ankle strength and its importance for rehabilitation and return to activity: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Peak Torque variables for the four movements studied (n = 200)

Range of motion		Average	Median	SD	P value
Eversion	Dominant	28.7	28.3	9.8	< 0.001
	Non-dominant	31.2	30.6	10.8
Inversion	Dominant	34.6	31.8	12.2	0.466
	Non-dominant	35.1	33.4	11,.0
Extension	Dominant	47.9	48.1	14.3	0.029
	Non-dominant	49.4	50.5	14.3
Flexion	Dominant	136.4	140.0	43.5	< 0.001
	Non-dominant	144.0	146.8	43.7

Table 2 Agonist/antagonist ratios for left and right ankle and overall values (n = 200)

Agonist/antagonist ratios		Average	Median	SD	CV, %	Min	Max	CI
Evertors/invertors ratio	Left	81.8	79.0	22.6	28	45.0	173.0	4.4
	Right	95.8	96.0	19.9	21	53.0	160.0	3.9
	Overall	88.8	86.0	22.4	25	45.0	173.0	3.1
Extensors/flexors ratio	Left	36.2	36.0	9.6	26	17.0	69.0	1.9
	Right	36.1	36.0	8.9	25	15.0	73.0	1.7
	Overall	36.1	36.0	9.2	26	15.0	73.0	1.3

CV: Coefficient of variation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; N: Sample size.

Table 3 Muscle deficiency index values for each movement (n = 200)

Range of motion	Average	Median	SD	CI	P value
Eversion	8.66	9.0	16.15	3.17	0.062
Inversion	4.20	5.5	17.75	3.48
Extension	3.41	4.0	15.50	3.04
Flexion	5.18	5.5	12.82	2.51

Table 4 Correlation between demographic variables and Muscular Deficiency Index (n = 200)

Range of motion		Age	Weight	Height	BMI
Eversion	r value	-0.066	0.046	0.037	0.041
	P value	0.514	0.654	0.717	0.686
Inversion	r value	0.079	0.060	0.002	0.030
	P value	0.438	0.560	0.985	0.768
Extension	r value	-0.085	-0.085	-0.050	-0.059
	P value	0.401	0.406	0.621	0.564
Flexion	r value	0.027	-0.049	-0.004	0.026
	P value	0.789	0.633	0.972	0.800

(r value): Correlation, ranges from -1 to 1. BMI: Body mass index.

Table 5 Correlation of age and body mass index with peak torque (n = 200)

Range of motion		Age × movement	P value	BMI × movement	P value
Eversion	Dominant	0.049	0.832	0.133	0.564
	Non-dominant	0.046	0.843	0.053	0.821
Inversion	Dominant	0.130	0.575	0.189	0.413
	Non-dominant	0.132	0.567	0.042	0.858
Extension	Dominant	-0.177	0.444	0.102	0.660
	Non-dominant	-0.199	0.388	0.046	0.845
Flexion	Dominant	-0.090	0.699	-0.256	0.263
	Non-dominant	0.074	0.750	-0.110	0.635

Table 6 Peak torque values and gender differences (n = 200)

Range of motion		Average	Median	SD	CI	n	P value
Eversion	Female	22.3	22.5	6.6	1.6	62	< 0.001
	Male	33.4	33.2	9.9	1.7	138
Inversion	Female	30.0	26.7	10.0	2.5	62	< 0.001
	Male	37.0	35.3	11.6	1.9	138
Extension	Female	37.4	37.1	10.0	2.5	62	< 0.001
	Male	53.6	54.1	13.0	2.2	138
Flexion	Female	100.4	89.3	37.2	9.3	62	< 0.001
	Male	158.1	158.9	33.4	5.6	138

Table 7 Agonist/antagonist ratio values for the dominant and non-dominant sides (n = 200)

Agonist/antagonist ratio		Average	Median	SD	CI	P value
Evertors/invertors	Dominant	86.3	82.5	25.0	4.9	0.011
	Non-dominant	91.4	92.0	19.2	3.8
Extensors/flexors	Dominant	36.8	36.5	10.1	2.0	0.116
	Non-dominant	35.5	36.0	8.2	1.6