Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Orthop. Feb 18, 2024; 15(2): 110-117
Published online Feb 18, 2024. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v15.i2.110
Table 1 Palmer’s classification
Type 1 acute traumatic injury
Type 2 degenerative injury
Isolated central TFCC articular disk perforationTFCC wear
Peripheral ulnar-sided TFCC tear with or without ulnar styloid fractureTFCC wear with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia
Distal TFCC disruption (disruption of the distal ulno-carpal ligaments)TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia
Radial TFCC disruption with or without sigmoid notch fractureTFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia and with lunotriquetral ligament perforation
TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia, lunotriquetral ligament perforation and ulno-carpal arthritis
Table 2 Diagnosis of TFCC injuries
Clinical tests
Radiological tests
Areas of tendernessX-ray (AP and lateral view)
Ulnar fovea signCT (rarely)
Piano key testMRI
Ulnar grinding testWrist arthrogram
Compression testWrist arthroscopy (gold standard)
Ballottement test
ROM evaluation