Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Orthop. Dec 18, 2024; 15(12): 1164-1174
Published online Dec 18, 2024. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v15.i12.1164
Table 1 Fundamental demographic and clinical characteristics, n (%)

Non-depression (n = 3288)
Depression (n = 2923)
Total (N = 6211)
P value
Gender< 0.001
    Male1595 (48.5)1033 (35.3)2628 (42.3)
    Female1693 (51.5)1890 (64.7)3583 (57.7)
Marital status< 0.001
    Married2847 (86.6)2372 (81.1)5219 (84.0)
    Unmarried441 (13.4)551 (18.9)992 (16.0)
Residence< 0.001
    Urban1287 (39.1)829 (28.4)2116 (34.1)
    Rural2001 (60.9)2094 (71.6)4095 (65.9)
Age (year), mean ± SD63.3 ± 9.3863.5 ± 9.0363.4 ± 9.22
Median (min, max)63.0 (45.0, 95.0)64.0 (45.0, 94.0)64.0 (45.0, 95.0)
Education< 0.001
    Below primary1349 (41.0)1594 (54.5)2943 (47.4)
    Secondary school943 (28.7)740 (25.3)1683 (27.1)
    Middle school642 (19.5)425 (14.5)1067 (17.2)
    High school and above354 (10.8)164 (5.6)518 (8.3)
Nighttime sleep duration (hour)< 0.001
mean ± SD6.28 ± 1.905.42 ± 2.175.88 ± 2.07
Median (min, max)6.00 (0, 15.0)5.00 (0, 20.0)6.00 (0, 20.0)
Health status< 0.001
    Excellent308 (9.4)94 (3.2)402 (6.5)
    Rather or relatively good382 (11.6)136 (4.7)518 (8.3)
    General1786 (54.3)1238 (42.4)3024 (48.7)
    Mediocre668 (20.3)1065 (36.4)1733 (27.9)
    Bad144 (4.4)390 (13.3)534 (8.6)
ADL-6< 0.001
    Not-difficult2708 (82.4)1809 (61.9)4517 (72.7)
    Difficult580 (17.6)1114 (38.1)1694 (27.3)
No. of chronic diseases2.96 (1.72)3.61 (1.98)3.26 (1.88)< 0.001
Median (min, max)3.00 (1.00, 12.0)3.00 (1.00, 13.0)3.00 (1.00, 13.0)
Hypertensive< 0.001
    Yes1338 (40.7)1338 (45.8)2676 (43.1)
    No1950 (59.3)1585 (54.2)3635 (56.9)
Diabetes< 0.001
    Yes434 (13.2)496 (17.0)930 (15.0)
    No2854 (86.8)2427 (83.0)5281 (85.0)
Tobacco use< 0.001
    Yes886 (26.9)647 (22.1)1533 (24.7)
    No2402 (73.1)2276 (77.9)4678 (75.3)
Alcohol abuse< 0.001
    Yes1178 (35.8)804 (27.5)1982 (31.9)
    No2110 (64.2)2119 (72.5)4229 (68.1)
Retired< 0.001
    Yes548 (16.7)259 (8.9)807 (13.0)
    No2740 (83.3)2664 (91.1)5404 (87.0)
Audiological< 0.001
    Excellent55 (1.7)30 (1.0)85 (1.4)
    Very good413 (12.6)213 (7.3)626 (10.1)
    Good586 (17.8)371 (12.7)957 (15.4)
    General1783 (54.2)1709 (58.5)3492 (56.2)
    Bad451 (13.7)600 (20.5)1051 (16.9)
Exercise0.084
    Yes3040 (92.5)2657 (90.9)5697 (91.7)
    No248 (7.5)266 (9.1)514 (8.3)
Medical insurance0.201
    Yes3211 (97.7)2833 (96.9)6044 (97.3)
    No77 (2.3)90 (3.1)167 (2.7)
Old-age insurance0.961
    Yes2135 (64.9)1888 (64.6)4023 (64.8)
    No1153 (35.1)1035 (35.4)2188 (35.2)
No. of painful sites3.42 (3.70)5.89 (4.42)4.58 (4.24)< 0.001
Median (min, max)2.00 (0, 15.0)5.00 (0, 15.0)4.00 (0, 15.0)
Table 2 Results of multifactor logistic regression analysis
Variant
β
SE
Wald χ2
P value
OR
95%CI
Constant1.1300.3503.230.0013.0941.559-6.142
Gender (female)0.2920.0724.07< 0.0011.3391.163-1.542
Residence (rural)0.3300.0744.46< 0.0011.3911.203-1.608
Health status (excellent)-1.1820.202-5.84< 0.0010.3070.206-0.456
Health status (bad)-0.3920.140-2.810.0050.6750.514-0.888
Health status (rather or relatively good)-1.1670.183-6.36< 0.0010.3110.217-0.446
Health status (mediocre)-0.8190.138-5.92< 0.0010.4410.336-0.578
ADL-6 (difficult)0.5110.0826.26< 0.0011.6671.420-1.955
No. of chronic diseases0.0410.0202.040.0411.0421.002-1.083
No. of painful sites0.0730.0108.04< 0.0011.0761.057-1.095
Nighttime sleep duration-0.1500.017-8.75< 0.0010.0820.833-0.891
Audiological status (very good)-0.3980.142-2.800.0050.6720.508-0.888
Audiological status (good)-0.2860.122-2.350.0200.7510.591-0.954
Audiological status (excellent)-0.1560.315-0.490.6220.8560.461-1.589
Audiological status (general)0.0050.0950.050.9621.0010.834-1.210
Education (below the primary)0.7580.1415.39< 0.0012.1331.620-2.810
Education (secondary school)0.5020.1423.530.0041.6531.250-2.184
Education (middle school)0.3640.1512.420.0161.4401.071-1.933
Age-0.0180.004-4.66< 0.0010.9820.974-0.989
Table 3 Instance of variable assignment
Variable
Assignment mode
Health statusBad = 0. Mediocre = 1. General = 2. Rather or relatively good = 3. Excellent = 4
ADL-6Not-difficult = 0. Difficult = 1
EducationBelow primary = 0. Secondary school = 1. Middle school = 2. High school and above = 3
Audiological statusGeneral = 0. Bad = 1. Excellent = 2. Good = 3. Very good = 4
No. of chronic diseasesMeasured value
No. of painful sitesMeasured value
Nighttime sleep durationMeasured value
AgeMeasured value