Diagnosis and treatment of chronic osteomyelitis based on nanomaterials

Table 1 Application of novel nanomaterials in the treatment of osteomyelitis

Ref.	Material	Conclusion	Application
Bruna et al[46], 2021	Silver nanoparticles	With antibacterial agents as organic compounds or antibiotics it has shown synergistic effect against pathogens bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus	Treat infections or prevent them efficiently
Zheng et al[57], 2018	Gold nanoclusters	Exhibit excellent treatment effects in both macrophages and animal infection models induced by MRSA as representative	Inhibition of MRSA biofilm formation. The induction of intracellular ROS production in bacterial cells
Gowri et al[68], 2021	Ca-Alg nanoparticle	Clindamycin loaded Ca-Alg/PPAA system showed sustained Clindamycin release from the carrier. Exhibited better cell viability of synthesized materials against MG63 cells	Sustained drug release. Promotes bone regeneration
Krishnan et al[69], 2020	Silica coated nanohydroxyapatite-gelatin reinforced with poly-l-lactic acid yarns	The nanocomposite fibrous scaffold containing vancomycin can be proposed as a bifunctional graft that can reduce bacterial infection, while subsequently engineer new bone in osteomyelitis	Reduce bacterial growth engineer. New bone in osteomyelitis
Hassani Besheli et al[71], 2017	Silk fibroin nanoparticles	The VANCO-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles entrapped in scaffolds reduced bone infections at the defected site with better outcomes than the other treatment groups	With good biocompatibility and sustained release properties
Mahon et al[75], 2020	BMnP	In-house generated BMnP preferentially polarize human macrophages towards an M2 phenotype, activate the transcription factor cMaf and specifically enhance production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10	Driving pro-angiogenic responses in human macrophages and HUVECs. Promoted M2 macrophage polarization, tissue vascularization and increased bone volume
Chen et al[58], 2021	Aptamer-functionalized platinum nanozymes	The activity switching and enhanced antibacterial effect of the nanocapsule were verified in vitro and in diabetic wounds	Catalyzing H2O2 into OH. Chemodynamic sterilization

Ca-Alg: Calcium-Alginate; BMnP: Bone mimetic nano hydroxyapatite particles; IL: Interleukin; HUVECs: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; PPAA: Phosphorylating polyallylamine; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.