Fluctuation of visual analog scale pain scores and opioid consumption before and after total hip arthroplasty

Table 1 Patient demographics (N = 105)

Patient demographics (N = 105), n (%)
Gender
Male	39 (37)
Female	66 (63)
Age (yr)
< 55	17 (16)
55-64	30 (29)
65-74	40 (38)
≥ 75	18 (17)
BMI (kg/m)2
Underweight (< 18.5)	2 (2)
Normal (18.5-24.9)	30 (29)
Overweight (25.0-29.9)	33 (31)
Obese (> 30)	40 (38)
ASA Classification
I	9 (9)
II	78 (74)
III or IV	18 (17)
Race
Caucasian	94 (90)
Non-caucasian	11 (10)
Smoking Status
Current smoker	2 (2)
Former smoker	31 (30)
Never smoker	71 (68)
LOS (d)
0	34 (32)
1	45 (43)
> 1	26 (25)
Surgical Time (min)
< 60	20 (19)
60-120	82 (78)
> 120	3 (3)

Table 2 Number of opioid pills consumed per day (N = 105, 564 observations)

Time	Average daily opioid use (SD)	Incidence rate ratio (95%CI)	P value
Preop	0.68 (1.29)	---	---
Postop days 1-7	1.51 (1.58)	2.43 (1.44, 4.10)	0.001
Postop days 8-14	1.00 (1.27)	1.76 (1.02, 3.03)	0.043
Postop days 15-30	0.35 (0.72)	0.66 (0.36, 1.18)	0.160

SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Visual analog scale pain score (N = 105, 504 observations)

Time	Average VAS pain score (SD)	Beta coefficient (95%CI)	P value
Preop	7.41 (1.72)	---	---
Postop days 1-7	5.07 (1.79)	-3.00 (-3.34, -2.65)	< 0.001
Postop days 8-14	3.60 (1.64)	-4.43 (-4.79, -4.07)	< 0.001
Postop days 15-30	3.15 (1.63)	-5.21 (-5.57, -4.86)	< 0.001

VAS: Visual analog scale; SD: Standard deviation; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Comparison of mean postop visual analog scale pain score and opioid use (N = 105)

	No opioid use (50.2%)	1 Opioid pill (22.3%)	2+ Opioid pills (27.5%)	P values
VAS pain score (SD)	3.48 (1.81)	4.30 (1.63)	5.32 (1.76)	< 0.001

SD: Standard deviation.