Implementation science for the adductor canal block: A new and adaptable methodology process

Table 1 Population description

Demographics	Results
Total, n	435
Anesthesia, n (%)
Spinal	368 (85)
General	67 (15)
Spinal converted to General	8 (2)
Sex, n (%)
Male	148 (34)
Female	287 (66)
Age, Mean, Median [Range]	72.3, 71 [65.0-91.0]
Age Group, n (%)
65 to 75	329 (76)
76 to 85	93 (21)
86 to 91	13 (3)
ASA status, n (%)
I or II	283 (65)
III, IV, or V	152 (35)

ASA status: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System.

Table 2 Summary of patient outcomes

Variable	Adductor	Femoral	P value
Demographics
Number of patients	289 (66%)	146 (34%)	-
Sex			0.57
Male	101 (35%)	47 (32%)	-
Female	188 (65%)	99 (68%)	-
Age	72.3, 71 [65-91]	72.3, 71 [65-91]	0.90
BMI in kg/m2	31.2, 31.0 [19.3-50.0]	30.8, 29.8 [21.0-51.1]	0.55
ASA status			0.52
I or II	185 (64%)	98 (67%)	-
III, IV, or V	104 (36%)	48 (33%)	-
Intraoperative data
Anesthesia			0.067
Spinal	246 (85%)	114 (78%)	-
General	38 (13%)	29 (20%)	-
Spinal converted to General	5 (2%)	3 (2%)	-
Length of operation in min	122.7, 118 [83-235]	121.7, 107 [83-199]	0.64
Estimated blood loss in mL	57.6, 45 [20-200]	68.2, 75 [20-200]	0.0031b
Local anesthetic in mg	94.2, 100 [11.3-225]	89.4, 93.8 [11.3-150]	0.036a
Site infection or redness	2 (1%)	1 (1%)	0.99
Transfusion	1 (0%)	1 (1%)	0.62
Day of surgery outcomes
Pain score from 0 to 10	1.9, 1.7 [0-6.6]	2.0, 1.7 [0-6.1]	0.59
OME	13.9, 12.8 [0-66]	15.9, 15 [0-50]	0.087
Distance traveled in meters	4.1, 1.5 [0-45.7]	2.0, 0.3 [0-30.5]	0.0004b
Buckling	14 (5%)	40 (27%)	< 0.0001b
Physical therapy complication	7 (2%)	2 (1%)	0.47
Postoperative outcomes
Length of stay in days	1.9, 1.4 [1.1-8.4]	2.1, 2.1 [1.1-6.2]	0.091
30 d readmission	8 (3%)	7 (5%)	0.27
MI and stroke	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	-
UTI	1 (0%)	1 (1%)	0.69
Fall	0 (0%)	2 (1%)	0.046a

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01. Continuous variables represented as mean, median [range] and evaluated using two-tailed Student’s t-test. Ordinal variables represented as n (%) and evaluated using Pearson chi-squared test. Outliers for length of operation, estimated blood loss, OME, and distance traveled were removed as defined as three times the interquartile range outside 0.1 tail quantile. BMI: Body mass index; ASA status: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System; OME: Oral morphine equivalents based on Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems equianalgesic calculator; MI: Myocardial infarction; UTI: Urinary tract infection.