Hidden blood loss in dual media spinal endoscopy surgery: Analysis of perioperative risk factors

Figure 1 Surgical procedure of single-channel dual-media endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis. A and B: Preoperative imaging showing single-segment lumbar spinal stenosis; C: Sequential insertion of channel tubes to reach the target decompression point; D: Installation of the dual-medium spinal endoscope; E: Ablation and cleaning of soft tissue outside the lamina using the plasma radiofrequency vaporization system under water medium; F: Bone decompression using the power system; G: The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc was exposed and removed while protecting the nerve roots; H: Complete decompression of the nerve root after the procedure.