Musculoskeletal and bone health characteristics in young men: A comparison of low and high bone mineral density

Figure 1 Distribution of bone mineral density and Z scores in the screened cohort (n = 148). Indicated selection thresholds (Z-scores are calculated based on the Hologic dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry manufacturer’s reference database for young Asian males, not on the mean/SD of the present cohort).

Figure 2 Shoulder muscle strength. A: Absolute peak torque of shoulder adduction and abduction on both sides between the two groups; B: Relative peak torque of shoulder adduction and abduction on both sides between the two groups; C: Total work of shoulder adduction and abduction on both sides between the two groups; D: Average power of shoulder adduction and abduction on both sides between the two groups. BMD: Bone mineral density.

Figure 3 Elbow muscle strength. A: Absolute peak torque of elbow flexion and elbow extension on both sides between the two groups; B: Relative peak torques of elbow flexion and elbow extension on both sides between the two groups; C: Total work of elbow flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; D: Average power of elbow flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups. BMD: Bone mineral density.

Figure 4 Wrist muscle strength. A: Absolute peak torque of wrist flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; B: Relative peak torques of wrist flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; C: Total work of wrist flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; D: Average power of wrist flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups. BMD: Bone mineral density.

Figure 5 Hip muscle strength. A: Absolute peak torque of hip flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; B: Relative peak torques of hip flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; C: Total work of hip flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; D: Average power of hip flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups. BMD: Bone mineral density.

Figure 6 Knee muscle strength. A: Absolute peak torque of knee flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; B: Relative peak torques of knee flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; C: Total work of knee flexion and extension on both sides between the two groups; D: Average power of knee flexion and extension between the two groups. BMD: Bone mineral density.

Figure 7 Ankle muscle strength. A: Absolute peak torque of ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion on both sides between the two groups; B: Relative peak torques of ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion on both sides between the two groups; C: Total work of ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion on both sides between the two groups; D: Average power of ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion on both sides between the two groups. BMD: Bone mineral density.

Figure 8 Results of the absolute peak torque ratio of active muscle to antagonist muscle in each joint. A: Absolute peak torque ratio of the agonist to antagonist of the wrist; B: Absolute peak torque ratio of the agonist to antagonist of the elbow; C: Absolute peak torque ratio of the agonist to antagonist of the shoulder; D: Absolute peak torque ratio of hip agonist to antagonist; E: Absolute peak torque ratio of agonist to antagonist of the knee; F: Absolute peak torque ratio of ankle agonist to antagonist muscle. BMD: Bone mineral density.