Bioprinting-based approaches for tendon reconstruction: A decade of advancement

Figure 1 Schematic representation of a hierarchically organised bioprinted tendon construct. A: Parallel collagen fibre bundles; B: Co-printed vascular channel network shown within the construct; C: Seeded cells.

Figure 2 Workflow for patient-specific three-dimensional bioprinting of tendon constructs. A: Patient imaging; B: Digital modelling and design; C: Biofabrication; D: Construct maturation; E: Surgical implantation. The timeline is not drawn to scale and will vary according to construct complexity and maturation requirements.