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For: Scibek JS, Carcia CR. Assessment of scapulohumeral rhythm for scapular plane shoulder elevation using a modified digital inclinometer. World J Orthop 2012; 3(6): 87-94 [PMID: 22720268 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v3.i6.87]
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v3/i6/87.htm
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Yongxuan Hong, Jiying Du, Sida Du, Yue Ma, Xiangyang Wang, Chunjie Chen. Task-Dependent Effectiveness of a Quasi-Direct-Drive Upper-Limb Exoskeleton: Shoulder Muscle Offloading Versus Metabolic Cost in Overhead Work. Bioengineering 2026; 13(4) doi: 10.3390/bioengineering13040423
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Paula R Camargo, Vandana Phadke, Gisele G Zanca, Paula M Ludewig. Concurrent validity of inclinometer measures of scapular and clavicular positions in arm elevation. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 2018; 34(2) doi: 10.1080/09593985.2017.1370753
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Ashraf. Y, Aswin Siva Kumar, Jeseema Begum.A, Sangeetha. M, Shanthini. P. Effect of Kinesiology Taping and Active Stretching Among College Students with Rounded Shoulder and Its Impact on Craniovertebral Angle - A Comparative Study. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 2026;  doi: 10.52403/ijhsr.20260632
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Tsun-Shun Huang, Han-Yi Huang, Tyng-Guey Wang, Yung-Shen Tsai, Jiu-Jenq Lin. Comprehensive classification test of scapular dyskinesis: A reliability study. Manual Therapy 2015; 20(3) doi: 10.1016/j.math.2014.10.017
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Kyungwoo Kang. Correlation between Cranio-Vertebral Angle and Muscle Activity According to Body Movements in Forward Head Posture. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 2024; 21 doi: 10.37394/23208.2024.21.28
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Ganesh Balthillaya M, Shalini H, Indu Reddy, Kiransha R. Velingkar, Eliseus Chettiar, Divya S, Bhamini Krishna Rao, Shyamasunder Bhat N. Comparison of Scapulohumeral rhythm in individuals with and without Forward Shoulder Posture. F1000Research 2024; 13 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.158183.1
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Sameer R. Khawaja, Jaden C. Hardrick, Jesse Seilern Und Aspang, Evan P. Bailey, Maya Sinha, Kevin Gunawardana, Codi-Ann Reid, Zaamin B. Hussain, T. Bradley Edwards, Michael B. Gottschalk, Eric R. Wagner. Total shoulder arthroplasty and scapulohumeral rhythm: the clinical impact of achieving native shoulder mechanics. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026;  doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.07.013
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Peng Su, Feng Liu, Yi Zhang, Jian Hua Zhu, Li Chao Zhang. Assessment of three-dimensional rotation of the shoulder complex and scapulohumeral rhythm during sagittal movement. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2023; 36(2) doi: 10.3233/BMR-220132
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Xin Sienna Yu, Huiying Zhu, Lisa Griffin. Fatigue-related changes in intermuscular electromyographic coherence across rotator cuff and deltoid muscles in individuals with and without subacromial pain. Journal of Neurophysiology 2024; 132(3) doi: 10.1152/jn.00431.2023
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Ala'S Aburub, Motaz Alawna, Ayman A Mohamed, Majdi Nassif. Using a smartphone goniometer to measure active thoracolumbar spine range of motion of lateral flexion and rotation among people with non-specific low back pain: a reliability and validity study. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2025; 32(5) doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2024.0091
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Matthew B. Burn, Patrick C. McCulloch, David M. Lintner, Shari R. Liberman, Joshua D. Harris. Prevalence of Scapular Dyskinesis in Overhead and Nonoverhead Athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2016; 4(2) doi: 10.1177/2325967115627608
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Ilyoung Yu, Minhyeok Kang. Effects of additional scapular movements on the scapular muscle activity during arm raising. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2025; 46(05) doi: 10.1055/a-2525-3184
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Antonia M. Zaferiou, Christopher B. Knowlton, Suk-Hwan Jang, Bryan M. Saltzman, Nikhil N. Verma, Brian Forsythe, Gregory P. Nicholson, Anthony A. Romeo. Scapular and humeral elevation coordination patterns used before vs. after Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. Journal of Biomechanics 2021; 125 doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110550
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James Hunter, Ting-Yim Lee, George S. Athwal, Emily A. Lalone. Development of a single-vertebra image-based technique to quantify shoulder kinematics using four-dimensional computed tomography. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization 2024; 12(1) doi: 10.1080/21681163.2023.2282074
22
Cole T. Fleet, Alicia Kerrigan, G. Daniel. G. Langohr, James A. Johnson, George S. Athwal. Coracoacromial ligament integrity influences scapular spine strain after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2025; 9(1) doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2024.10.012
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James C. Hunter, Ting-Yim Lee, George S. Athwal, Emily A. Lalone. Exploring age-related differences in asymptomatic male shoulder kinematics using four-dimensional computed tomography. JSES International 2026; 10(1) doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.007
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Tomohito Ijiri, Yukio Urabe, Noriaki Maeda, Junpei Sasadai, Toshiaki Suzuki. Shoulder muscle activation during scapular protraction exercise with arm rotation. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2022; 35(1) doi: 10.3233/BMR-200180
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Vinod Ramlal Yadav, Biju Ravindran, N Vishnu Vardhan, Rachuru Venkata Jyothsna. A prospective study to evaluate the outcome of periarthritis shoulder treated with platelet rich plasma. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Surgery 2024; 10(4 ) doi: 10.18231/j.ijos.2024.057
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Peter Beshara, David B. Anderson, Matthew Pelletier, William R. Walsh. The Reliability of the Microsoft Kinect and Ambulatory Sensor-Based Motion Tracking Devices to Measure Shoulder Range-of-Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sensors 2021; 21(24) doi: 10.3390/s21248186
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Sameer R. Khawaja, John M. Kopriva, Zaamin B. Hussain, Hayden L. Cooke, Michael B. Gottschalk, Eric R. Wagner. Serratus anterior palsy as a Masquerader: utilizing novel digital dynamic radiography for diagnosis and treatment response. JSES International 2024; 8(3) doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2023.12.001
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Hendrik Bruttel, David M. Spranz, Sebastian I. Wolf, Michael W. Maier. Scapulohumeral rhythm in patients after total shoulder arthroplasty compared to age-matched healthy individuals. Gait & Posture 2020; 82 doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.08.111
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Juan José Gil-Álvarez, Pablo García-Parra, Manuel Anaya-Rojas, María del Pilar Martínez-Fuentes. Contralateral trapezius transfer to treat scapular winging: A case report and review of literature. World Journal of Orthopedics 2019; 10(1): 33-44 doi: 10.5312/wjo.v10.i1.33
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Ornwipa Thamsuwan, Kit Galvin, Maria Tchong-French, Lovenoor Aulck, Linda Ng Boyle, Randal P. Ching, Kevin J. McQuade, Peter W. Johnson. Comparisons of physical exposure between workers harvesting apples on mobile orchard platforms and ladders, part 1: Back and upper arm postures. Applied Ergonomics 2020; 89 doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103193
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M. Zabat, N. Ouadahi, A. Youyou, A. Ababou, N. Ababou. Digital inclinometer for joint angles measurements with a real-time 3D-animation. 2015 IEEE 12th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD15) 2015;  doi: 10.1109/SSD.2015.7348258
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Jennifer L. Cooper, Andrew R. Karduna. Experimentally Induced Pain Results in Reduced Activity of the Rotator Cuff Muscles in Healthy Subjects. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 2024; 40(1) doi: 10.1123/jab.2022-0006
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S. Gain, P. Collin. Rehabilitación de prótesis de hombro. EMC - Kinesiterapia - Medicina Física 2018; 39(2) doi: 10.1016/S1293-2965(18)89823-1
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Paolo Dalla Pria. Human Orthopaedic Biomechanics. 2022;  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-824481-4.00017-2
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Sameer R. Khawaja, Jaden C. Hardrick, Zaamin B. Hussain, Itaru Kawashima, Joanne Y. Zhou, Hayden L. Cooke, Krishna N. Chopra, Scott A. Banks, Michael B. Gottschalk, Thomas W. Wright, Eric R. Wagner. Dynamic digital radiography is a valid and reliable alternative to 3 Dimensional registration for scapulohumeral rhythm analysis. JSES International 2026; 10(4) doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101697
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Ryan Gao, Cole T. Fleet, Winston Jin, James A. Johnson, Kenneth J. Faber, George S. Athwal. The Kouvalchouk procedure vs. distal tibial allograft for treatment of posterior shoulder instability: the deltoid “hammock” effect exists. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2024; 33(10) doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.047
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Ryan J. Warth, Peter J. Millett. Physical Examination of the Shoulder. 2015;  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2593-3_2
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Will Pitt, Michael S Crowell, John S Mason, Mark D Thelen. Clinically Feasible Quantitative Assessments of Dynamic Scapular Motion: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2025; 20(4) doi: 10.26603/001c.133522
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S. Gain, P. Collin. Riabilitazione delle protesi di spalla. EMC - Medicina Riabilitativa 2018; 25(2) doi: 10.1016/S1283-078X(18)89773-5
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Ryo Sahara, Junichiro Hamada, Kunio Yoshizaki, Kazuhiro Endo, Daisuke Segawa, Mitsukuni Yamaguchi. Kinematic Differences between Two Types of Forward Elevations of the Shoulder Joint: Flexion and Reaching Elevation. The Open Orthopaedics Journal 2020; 14(1) doi: 10.2174/1874325002014010015
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Toufic R. Jildeh, Daisy A. Ference, Muhammad J. Abbas, Eric X. Jiang, Kelechi R. Okoroha. Scapulothoracic Dyskinesis: A Concept Review. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2021; 14(3) doi: 10.1007/s12178-021-09705-8
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Byung Gon Kim, Seung Kil Lim, Sunga Kong. The Relationship between Scapular Upward Rotation and Shoulder Internal and External Rotation Isokinetic Strength in Professional Baseball Pitchers. Healthcare 2021; 9(6) doi: 10.3390/healthcare9060759
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Hiroki Miyamoto, Kota Watanabe, Atsushi Teramoto, Naoya Iida, Tatsuya Taniguchi, Kento Hirota, Keisuke Negishi, Mineko Fujimiya. Strain measurement of the deep layer of the supraspinatus tendon using fresh frozen cadaver: The influence of shoulder elevation. Clinical Biomechanics 2020; 80 doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105160
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Christopher W. Kolz, Hema J. Sulkar, Klevis Aliaj, Robert Z. Tashjian, Peter N. Chalmers, Yuqing Qiu, Yue Zhang, K. Bo Foreman, Andrew E. Anderson, Heath B. Henninger. Age-related differences in humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral kinematics during elevation and rotation motions. Journal of Biomechanics 2021; 117 doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110266
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Margaux Noémie Lafitte, Hideki Kadone, Shigeki Kubota, Yukiyo Shimizu, Chun Kwang Tan, Masao Koda, Yasushi Hada, Yoshiyuki Sankai, Kenji Suzuki, Masashi Yamazaki. Alteration of muscle activity during voluntary rehabilitation training with single-joint Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) in patients with shoulder elevation dysfunction from cervical origin. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2022; 16 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.817659
54
Craig A. Wassinger, Gisela Sole, Hamish Osborne. Clinical Measurement of Scapular Upward Rotation in Response to Acute Subacromial Pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2013; 43(4) doi: 10.2519/jospt.2013.4276
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Mohsin Hussein, Kapil Shirodkar, Aadin Hussein, Rajesh Botchu. Imaging of the Shoulder. Medical Radiology 2025;  doi: 10.1007/174_2024_524
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Sheenam Popli, Vikas Kumar Lamba, Rahul Kumar, Shireen Rehman, Sonam Verma, Gaurav Agarwal. The hidden cost of slouching : exploring scapulohumeral rhythm changes in forward-headed students. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 2026; 34(5) doi: 10.1080/10669817.2026.2663584
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François Desmeules, Jean-Sébastien Roy, Simon Lafrance, Maxime Charron, Marc-Olivier Dubé, Frédérique Dupuis, Jason M. Beneciuk, Jason Grimes, H. Mike Kim, Martin Lamontagne, Karen McCreesh, Ellen Shanley, Tatiana Vukobrat, Lori A. Michener. Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Diagnosis, Nonsurgical Medical Care, and Rehabilitation: A Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2025; 55(4) doi: 10.2519/jospt.2025.13182
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Stefane Cajango de Carvalho, Adham do Amaral e Castro, João Carlos Rodrigues, Wagner Santana Cerqueira, Durval do Carmo Barros Santos, Laercio Alberto Rosemberg. Snapping scapula syndrome: pictorial essay. Radiologia Brasileira 2019; 52(4) doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0226
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W. Ben Kibler, John William Lockhart, Robin Cromwell, Aaron Sciascia. Managing Scapular Dyskinesis. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 2023; 34(2) doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.12.008
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Jörg Nowotny, E. Tille, J. Manske, A. Schlüßler, P. Kasten. Skapuladyskinesie nach Schulterverletzungen. Obere Extremität 2025; 20(1) doi: 10.1007/s11678-024-00846-z
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Annina Gunti, Bettina Haupt-Bertschy. Skapuladyskinesie: wenn’s im Schultergürtel nicht mehr läuft. Sportphysio 2023; 11(01) doi: 10.1055/a-1986-6159
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Cameron Gerhold, Thomas Moran, William Harkin, Samuel Alfonsi, Alexander Hornung, Jennifer Kurowicki, Nikhil Verma. Beach chair and lateral shoulder arthroscopic anatomy. Journal of Cartilage & Joint Preservation 2026;  doi: 10.1016/j.jcjp.2026.100314
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Angel X. Xiao, Anthony L. Karzon, Zaamin B. Hussain, Sameer R. Khawaja, Beau M. McGinley, Adil S. Ahmed, Michael B. Gottschalk, Eric R. Wagner. Variation in scapulohumeral rhythm on dynamic radiography in pathologic shoulders: a novel diagnostic tool. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2023; 32(6) doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.12.023
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Seyed Hossein Hosseinimehr, Mehrdad Anbarian. The effects of activities related to sports on scapular resting position and scapulohumeral rhythm ratio. Sport Sciences for Health 2020; 16(4) doi: 10.1007/s11332-020-00647-1
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Alyssa Elder, Christopher M. Powers. Scapular Stabilization for Shoulder Pain: Putting the Cart Before the Horse?. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2025; 20(2) doi: 10.26603/001c.128049
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Ornwipa Thamsuwan, Kit Galvin, Maria Tchong-French, Lovenoor Aulck, Linda Ng Boyle, Randal P. Ching, Kevin J. McQuade, Peter W. Johnson. Comparisons of physical exposure between workers harvesting apples on mobile orchard platforms and ladders, part 2: Repetitive upper arm motions. Applied Ergonomics 2020; 89 doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103192
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Tomohito Ijiri, Toshiaki Suzuki. Normal values of scapular muscle activity ratio during arm elevation and the relationship to muscle strength and sex difference. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2024; 37(4) doi: 10.3233/BMR-230217
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Victor Housset, Umasuthan Srikumaran, Jean-Marie Daudet, Léo Fradet, Rohan-Jean Bianco, Geoffroy Nourissat. Influence of the level and strategy of glenoid component lateralization on the postoperative biomechanics of shoulder arthroplasty: a finite element analysis. JSES International 2026; 10(1) doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.012
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