Sleep, health behaviors, and behavioral interventions: Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in adults

Table 1 Representative studies examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing on health-related outcomes

Ref.	Population	Intervention	Outcome
Tsiros et al[33], 2008	n = 47 adolescents with overweight or obesity	CBT vs no-treatment	Greater improvements in weight, BMI, body fat, sugar intake (soft drinks) in CBT group at 20-wk follow-up
Welschen et al[34], 2013	n = 154 diabetes patients	CBT vs managed care	Greater improvement in physical activity, quality of life, and depression in CBT group at 6-mo follow-up; no group differences at 12-mo follow-up
Freedland et al[39], 2009	n = 123 CABG patients with depression	CBT vs supportive stress management	Greater depression remission in CBT than supportive stress management group at 3-mo and 9-mo follow-up
Berkman et al[48], 2003	n = 2481 MI patients	CBT vs usual care	Greater improvement in depression and social support in CBT group at 6-mo follow-up; no group differences in survival at 29-mo follow-up
Woollard et al[55], 1995	n = 166 patients with hypertension	MI low dose vs MI high dose vs usual care	Greater improvements in alcohol and salt intake in low-MI vs usual care; greater improvements in weight and blood pressure in high-MI vs usual care at 18-wk follow-up
Ma et al[59], 2014	n = 120 Chinese patients with hypertension	MI vs usual care	Greater improvements in treatment adherence and blood pressure in MI group
Ogedegbe et al[60], 2008	n = 190 African American patients with hypertension	MI vs usual care	Greater improvements in medication adherence and blood pressure in the MI group at 12-mo follow-up
Cain et al[68], 2011	n = 104 adolescents	MI and sleep education vs no intervention	Greater improvements in sleep knowledge and out-of-bed time in MI group; improvements in sleep and daytime functioning in both groups

BMI: Body mass index; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy; MI: Motivational interviewing.