Lipoprotein abnormalities in South Asians and its association with cardiovascular disease: Current state and future directions

Table 1 Articles related to dyslipidemias in South Asians

Ref.	Methodology	Primary end point
Enas et al[5]	Cross-sectional, case-control study in Asian Indians and Caucasians (n = 1688)	CV risk factors
Anand et al[14]	Comparative population-based study in South Asians, Chinese, and Europeans (n = 985)	CV risk factors
Tillin et al[17]	Retrospective chart review (n = 2049 Europeans, 1517 South Asians, and 630 African Caribbeans)	CV risk factors
Karthikeyan et al[22]	Cross-sectional, population-based case-control study in 65 centers in Asia (n = 5731 cases of a first AMI vs 6459 controls)	CV risk factors
Gupta et al[23]	Cross-sectional study in South Asians (n = 1800)	CV risk factors
Sekhri et al[25]	Cross-sectional study in Indians (n = 10642 men and n = 1966 women)	CV risk factors
Hoogeveen et al[27]	Cross-sectional comparative study in Indians living in India (n = 103) vs those living in United States (n = 206)	Lipid profile
Sewdarsen et al[28]	Cross-sectional, case-control study in Indian men with CAD (n = 50) vs controls (n = 122)	Lipid profile
Lyratzopoulos et al[29]	Comparative study between South Asians and Caucasians (n = 34122 men and 37294 women)	CV risk factors
Superko et al[30]	Comparative study between Asian Indian men (n = 224) and non-Asian Indian men (n = 239)	Lipid profile
Bhalodkar et al[31]	Comparative study between Asian Indian men (n = 211) and Caucasian men (n = 1684)	Lipid profile
Joseph et al[32]	Descriptive study in Asian Indians (n = 206)	Lipid profile
Cappuccio et al[33]	Population-based survey in 505 South Asians, 524 Caucasians, and 549 Africans	CV risk factors
Krishnaswami et al[34]	Cross-sectional study in 1066 Indian male patients	Lipid profile
Kulkarni et al[36]	Cross-sectional study in 39 Asian Indians and 39 Caucasians	Lipid profile
Rashid et al[53]	Comparative study in 135 adolescent Indian and Caucasian boys	Lipid profile
Misra et al[45]	Comparative study in Asian Indians and Caucasians	CV risk factors
Bhardwaj et al[46]	Cross-sectional epidemiological descriptive study in 459 Indian subjects	CV risk factors
Gopinath et al[47]	Community-based epidemiological survey in 13414 Indian adults	CV risk factors
Misra et al[48]	Cross-sectional epidemiological descriptive study in 532 Indian subjects	CV risk factors
Ehtisham et al[50]	Cross-sectional community-based cohort study of 129 Caucasian European and Asian Indian boys	CV risk factors
Patel et al[51]	Cross-sectional comparative study in Indians (n = 294) and their immigrant counterparts in UK (n = 242)	Lipid profile
Sharobeem et al[52]	Cross-sectional study in South Asians with stroke (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 85)	Lipid profile
Chow et al[54]	Cross-sectional comparative study in Indian (n = 303) and Caucasian (n = 1111) subjects	Association of CIMT with lipid profile
Dodani et al[55]	Cross-sectional study in South Asian immigrants in United States	Association of CIMT with lipid profile
Dodani et al[56]	Cross-sectional community-based study in 130 South Asian immigrants in United States	Association of CIMT with lipid profile
Isser et al[74]	Descriptive study in 50 Indian patients with premature CAD and their first-degree relatives	Lp(a) levels
Palaniappan et al[75]	Cross-sectional community-based study in Asian Indian American, African American, and Caucasian women (n = 70 each)	Lipid profile
Kamath et al[76]	Cross-sectional community-based study in 47 South Asian and 47 American women	CV risk factors
Anand et al[77]	Comparative cross-sectional study in South Asians and Americans	Lipid profile
Chopra et al[78]	Comparative study in 74 Indians with CAD and 53 controls	Lp(a) levels
Gambhir et al[79]	Comparative study in 50 Indians with CAD and 50 controls	Lp(a) levels
Gupta et al[80]	Descriptive study in 101 Indian subjects	Lp(a) levels
Articles related to treatment of dyslipidemias in South Asians
Lee et al[89]	Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in White, Chinese, Malay, and Asian Indian subjects (n = 35 each)
Patel et al[83]	Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in 33 hyperlipidemic South Asians
Gupta et al[85]	Lipid-modifying effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin in 86 South Asians and 137 Caucasians
Gupta et al[84]	ACTFAST: 12 wk prospective, open-label study of atorvastatin in 1978

AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; CAD: Coronary artery disease; ACTFAST: Achieve Cholesterol Targets Fast with Atorvastatin Stratified Titration; CIMT: Carotid intima-media thickness; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a); CV: Cardiovascular.

Table 2 Summary of lipoprotein abnormalities in South Asians

CAD occurs with relatively lower levels of LDL-C among South Asians

At any given LDL-C level, South Asians tend to carry a higher total atherogenic burden (i.e., higher levels of apo B and a higher LDL particle concentration)

South Asians tend to suffer from atherogenic dyslipidemia (i.e., high triglyceride and low HDL-C levels) more frequently compared with other ethnic groups

In South Asians, higher HDL-C levels may not be as protective against CAD as in other ethnic groups

In South Asians, HDL particles tend to be smaller and dysfunctional

South Asians have a genetic tendency for elevated atherogenic Lp(a) levels

Apo B: Apolipoprotein B; CAD: Coronary artery disease; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): Lipoprotein(a).