Digoxin: A systematic review in atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure and post myocardial infarction

Table 1 Hazard ratio estimates from studies describing the effects of digoxin on total mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation

Study	Subjects	Hazard ratio estimates1
		Overall mortality	AF without CHF	AF with CHF
Shah et al[2]	140111	NA	21.17 (95%CI: 1.14-1.19, P < 0.001)	21.14 (95%CI: 1.10-1.17, P < 0.001)
Turakhia et al[3] TREAT AF	122465	21.26 (95%CI: 1.23-1.29, P < 0.001) 1.21 (95%CI: 1.17-1.25, P < 0.001)	2Significant, details not given	1.29 (95%CI: 1.23-1.36, P < 0.001) 1.28 (95%CI: 1.21-1.36, P < 0.001)
Hallberg et al[25]	38419	NA	21.42 (95%CI: 1.29-1.56, P < 0.001)	1.00 (95%CI: 0.94-1.06)
Freeman et al[29] ATRIA-CVRN	14787	NA	21.71 (95%CI: 1.52-1.93, P < 0.001)	NA
Washam et al[30] ROCKET AF	14171	21.17 (95%CI: 1.04-1.32, P = 0.0093) 1.14 (95%CI: 1.01-1.29, P = 0.0402)	1.18 (95%CI: 0.94-1.46)	1.24 (95%CI: 0.98-1.57)
Gjesdal et al[31] SPORTIF III and V	7329	21.53 (95%CI: 1.22-1.92, P < 0.001)	NR	2Significant, details not given
Chao et al[28]	4781	21.21 (95%CI: 1.01-1.44, P = 0.037)	21.28 (95%CI: 1.05-1.57)	0.88 (95%CI: 0.62-1.23)
Whitbeck et al[4] AFFIRM	4058	21.41 (95%CI: 1.19-1.67, P < 0.001)	21.37 (95%CI: 1.05-1.79, P = 0.019)	21.41 (95%CI: 1.09-1.84, P = 0.010)
Friberg et al[32] SCAF	2824	1.10 (95%CI: 0.94-1.28, P = 0.23) 1.04 (95%CI: 0.89-1.21)	NR	NR
Gheorghiade et al[26] AFFIRM	1756	1.06 (95%CI: 0.83-1.37, P = 0.640)	1.08 (95%CI: 0.8-1.47, P = 0.609)	1.08 (95%CI: 0.69-1.69, P = 0.743)
Pastori et al[33]	815	22.22 (95%CI: 1.42-3.48, P < 0.001)	NR	NR
Rodriguez-Manero et al[34] AFBAR	777	1.42 (95%CI: 0.77-2.60, P = 0.2)	0.94 (95%CI: 0.20-4.41, P = 0.9)	1.6 (95%CI: 0.9-2.9, P = 0.9)
Mulder et al[35] RACE II	608	20.41 (95%CI: 0.19-0.89)	NR	NR

Data also subdivided to those with and without congestive heart failure when applicable.

¹May apply different statistical methods to estimate hazard ratios.

²Statistically significant. CHF: Congestive heart failure; AF: Atrial fibrillation; NR: Not recorded; NA: Not applicable; SPORTIF: Stroke prevention using oral thrombin inhibitor in atrial fibrillation.