Vascular endothelial dysfunction and pharmacological treatment

Table 1 Some of endothelium-derived substances

Vasoactive substances

Endothelium-derived vasodilators

Adrenomedullin

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors

Kinins

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin

Endothelium-derived vasoconstrictors

Angiotensin II

Endothelin-1

Vasoconstrictor prostanoids

Coagulation and fibrinolysis

Coagulation

Factor V

Heparan sulfate

Protein C

Protein S

Thrombomodulin

Tissue factor

von Willebrand factor

Fibrinolysis

Plasminogen activator inhibitor

Tissue plasminogen activator

Urokinase

Growth factors

Basic fibroblast growth factor

Insulin-like growth factor

Platelet-derived growth factor

Transforming growth factor

Inflammatory and immunological mediators

Cytokines

Interleukins

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

Transforming growth factor

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Adhesion molecules

Intercellular adhesion molecules

Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecules

Selectins

Vascular cell adhesion molecules

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

Reactive oxygen species

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hydroperoxyl (HO2)

Superoxide (O2-)

Reactive nitrogen species

Nitrite (NO2-)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)

Nitryl chloride (NO2Cl)